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Human genome project - class-XI

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Which out of the following statements is incorrect?

  1. Genetic code is ambiguous.

  2. Genetic code is degenerate.

  3. Genetic code is universal.

  4. Genetic code is non-overlapping.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Since there are 64 triplet codons and only 20 amino acids, genetic code is non-ambiguous. Non-ambiguous code means that there is no ambiguity about a particular code. One codon specifies only one amino acid and not any other except GUG which normally codes for valine but in certain conditions it also codes for N-formyl methionine as initiation codon.

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given, Human genome consists of approximately

  1. $3 \, \times \, 10^9$ bp

  2. $6 \, \times \, 10^9$ bp

  3. 20,000 + 25,000 bp

  4. $2.2 \, \times \, 10^4$ bp


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The human genome contains 23 chromosomes. The DNA in the haploid set contains 3 billion base pairs.
So, the correct answer is '($3\, \times \,10^9$ bp)'

Choose the correct answer from the alternatives given :
Which of the following statements regarding human genome is incorrect?

  1. Human genome consists of $3 \, \times \, 10^9$ bp and about 20,500 genes.

  2. The average gene size is 3000 bop and dystrophin is the largest known human gene.

  3. Chromosome 1 contains maximum (2968) number of genes and Y-chrbmosome has the least (231) number of genes.

  4. Repeated (or repetitive) sequences are not present in human genome.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Repeated or repetitive sequences make up large portion of human genome. Repetitive sequences are nucleotide sequences that are repeated many times, sometimes hundred to thousand times. They have no direct coding function but provide information as to chromosome structure, dynamics and evolution. Approximately 1 million copies of short 5-8 base pair repeated sequences are clustered around centromeres and near the ends of chromosomes. They represent junk DNA. 

So, the correct answer is 'Repeated (or repetitive) sequences are not present in human genome'.

All living organism present past and future are 

  1. Not linked to any extent

  2. Linked to one another in their cell membrane

  3. Linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic materials ,but to varying degrees

  4. Linked to another by the sharing of the common genetic material to $100\%$ extent


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

All living organisms—present, past and future are linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic material, but to varying degrees.

The genetic material of living organisms undergoes mutations and reshuffling of genes. This causes variations in the genetic material. Variations are so abundant that no two individuals of the same race are exactly similar.
So the answer is 'Linked to one another by the sharing of the common genetic materials, but to varying degrees'. 

Which of the following is an application  of human genome project?

  1. Understanding of phylogenetic disorder

  2. Improvement in gene therapy

  3. Understanding of mutation concept

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D

The genome of Caenorhabditis elgans consists of

  1. 3 billion base pairs and 30,000 genes

  2. 180 million base pairs and 13,000 genes

  3. 4.7 million base pairs and 4,000 genes

  4. 97 million base pairs and 18,000 genes

  5. 12 million base pairs and 6,000 genes


Correct Option: D

Number of genes believed to be present in a human being is

  1. 1000

  2. 10,000

  3. 100,000

  4. 1,000,000


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The human genome consists of 50,000 to 100,000 genes located on 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Each chromosome contains a long molecule of DNA, the chemical of which genes are made. 

So, the correct answer is '100,000.'

Genetic code translates the language of __________________.

  1. Amino acids into that of RNA

  2. RNA into that of protein

  3. Protein into that of DNA

  4. RNA into that of DNA


Correct Option: B

Nucleotide pairs present in human genes vary between

  1. 100 - 1000

  2. 500 - 5000

  3. 2000 - 2,000,000

  4. 10,000 - 10,000,000


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The human genome consists of 50,000 to 100,000 genes located on 23 pairs of chromosomes. One chromosome in each pair is inherited from the mother, the other from the father. Each chromosome contains a long molecule of DNA, the chemical of which genes are made. Genes are of differing length, ranging in size from roughly 2,000 to as many as 2,000,000 base pairs. 

So, the correct answer is '2000-2,000,000.'

Total number of base pairs found in human genome is?

  1. $3.5$ million

  2. $35000$

  3. $35$ billion

  4. $3.1$ billion


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
The human genome of Homo sapiens is stored on 23 chromosome pairs. 22 of these are autosomal chromosome pairs, while the remaining pair is sex-determining. The haploid human genome occupies a total of just over 3 billion DNA base pairs that means 6 billion base pairs per diploid cell.
So, the correct answer is '3.1 billion'.

According to finding from the Human Genome Project, there are about 25000 genes but there are amny more different polypeptides. Which of the following processes might explain the discrepancy between number of genes and polypeptides?
(1) Mutations
(2) Post-translational modifications
(3) Crossing over during meiosis
(4) Alternating splicing of RNA transcripts

  1. 1 & 2

  2. 2 & $

  3. 1,3 & 4

  4. 3 & 4


Correct Option: A

The commonly used hosts in HGP ________________.

  1. Bacteria and yeast

  2. Bacteria and fungi

  3. Protozoa and bacteria

  4. Plants and fungi


Correct Option: A

Select the wrong statement.

  1. The human genome contains $3164.7$ million nucleotide bases

  2. Less than $10\%$ of the genome codes for protein

  3. Repeated sequences make up very large portion of the human genome

  4. Chromosome $1$ has most genes $(2968)$ and Y has the fewest $(231)$


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A human being has an estimated 30,000 genes located on 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). These genes are known, collectively, as the human genome, with a total of about 3 billion DNA base pairs. Thus, option A is correct.

Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins. Each of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome makes an average of three proteins. Protein-coding sequences (specifically, coding exons) constitute less than 1.5% of the human genome. Aside from genes (exons and introns) and known regulatory sequences (8–20%), the human genome contains regions of noncoding DNA. More than 90 percent of the genome is noncoding DNA, sometimes called "junk" DNA, that has no known function. Therefore, option B seems correct.

Repeated Sequences (also known as repetitive elements or repeats) are patterns of DNA or RNA that occur in multiple copies (in arrays of tandemly repeated sequence or dispersed repeats) throughout the genome. They have been recognized as a potential source of genetic variation and regulation, with over two-thirds of a sequence consisting of repetitive elements in humans. Thus, Option C is correct.

Chromosome 1 is the largest human chromosome, representing approximately 8 percent of the total DNA in cells. Two copies of chromosome 1, one copy inherited from each parent, form one of the pairs, containing around 2000 genes that provide instructions for making different proteins.
The Y chromosome is one of the two sex chromosomes in humans (the other is the X chromosome). The Y chromosome (found in males) represents almost 2 percent of the total DNA in cells. It likely contains 60-70 genes that provide instructions for making proteins, involved in male sex determination and development. Therefore, Option D although correct shows wrong numbers.

The total number of nitrogenous bases in human genom is estimated to be about

  1. 3.5 million

  2. 35 thousand

  3. 35 million

  4. 3.3 billion


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Human genome has around 21,000 genes in its 3.3 billion base pairs haploid genome. The haploid DNA content of a cell is called as C-value. The C-value paradox is concerned with presence of excessive amounts of DNA in eukaryotic cells and the difference of C-value between eukaryotic species having similar complexity. Presence of large amount of base pairs is explained on the basis of large amount of structural DNA and junk DNA in chromosomes. Thus, correct answer is '3.3 billion'.

The appropriate description of animal hormones is _____________.

  1. Have size smaller than 5 kDa

  2. Comprise of proteins only

  3. Comprise of lipid molecule only

  4. Are pour directly into the blood


Correct Option: D

The most detailed genetic map is 

  1. Cytogenetic

  2. Linkage

  3. Physical

  4. Sequence


Correct Option: D

Which of the following is the largest gene in humans?

  1. Dystrophin

  2. Insulin

  3. Titin

  4. Phosphofructokinase


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
Dystrophin is a cytoplasmic rod-shaped protein consisting of which is chiefly situated in skeletal & cardiac muscles. It's formation includes the largest gene with 2.6 Mb and 97 exons. Small quantity of dystrophin is also present in the brain nerve cells.
So, the correct answer is 'Dystrophin'

Which of the following can improve the diagnosis of many genetic disorder?

  1. PCR

  2. Human genome project

  3. DNA fingerprinting

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B

Which of the following is not an aim of human genome project?

  1. To sequence the genome of selected model organism

  2. Eliminate all disease

  3. To sequence EST fragments of cDNA in both human and mice

  4. To develop computational tool for analysing sequence information


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Human Genome Project was a 13-year-old project started by US department of energy and National Institute of Health for sequencing the Human Genome.

The main objectives of the HGP were to- 

  • Determine the sequence of 3.2 billion base pairs of Human Genome.
  • Identify all the genes of the genome and determine their functions.
  • To store this information and database.
  • This project may result in many ethical legal and social issue which needs to be addressed and solved.

 So, the correct option is 'Eliminate all disease'

Lily has .......... more DNA than human genome.

  1. 10 times

  2. 4 times

  3. 20 times

  4. 18 times


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The main aim of the Human Genome Project was to determine the sequence of 3.2 billion base pairs of Human Genome and to identify their functions.

It was found that Human Genome contains around 30,000 jeans and 99.9% of nucleotide bases and all human beings are same.
The amount of genes present in Lily is 18 times more than the Human Genome.

So, the correct option is '18times'.

Which of the following provides fund for the human genome project?

  1. NIH

  2. DOE

  3. Both A and B

  4. NIH, DOE and ELSI


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The Human Genome Project was started by US department of energy and National Institute of Health and this was done for the sequencing of human genome.

It was approximately quoted to be around 9 billion US dollars.
So, the correct option is 'Both A and B'

Human genome project was

discovered by

  1. Francis Collins and Roderick

  2. Watson and Crick

  3. Beadle and Tatum

  4. Paul Berg and Wollman


Correct Option: A

Human genome project was launched in

  1. 1980

  2. 1987

  3. 1990

  4. 1993


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Human Genome Project was launched in 1990 by coordination of US Department of Energy and National Institute of Health. The 13-year mega project was aimed to sequence complete 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up human genome. So, the correct answer is ' 1990'.

Human genome contains base pairs

  1. 2.5 million

  2. 25 million

  3. 27.2 million

  4. 3.2 billion


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

There are four bases adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C) present in humans. Bases on opposite strands pair specifically as an A always pairs with a T, and a C always with a G. The human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells.

So, the correct option is '3.2 billion'.

Human genome project was launched by 

  1. Khorana and others

  2. Bhabha Institute

  3. U.S Department of Energy and National Institute of Health

  4. NASA


Correct Option: C

Number of genes present in human genome is about

  1. 15,000

  2. 21,000

  3. 27,000

  4. 30,000


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
A gene is a distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.
Most of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. The Human Genome Project estimated that humans have around 21,000 genes.
So, the correct option is '21,000'.

A ribotide is made of

  1. Adenine + Deoxyribose + Phosphate

  2. Uracil + Ribose + Phosphate

  3. Thymine + Ribose + Phosphate

  4. Uracil + Deoxyribose + Phosphate


Correct Option: B

Which is false ? 

  1. A/T is one

  2. A + G = C + T

  3. C/G is one

  4. A + T = C + G


Correct Option: B

Which ones are degenerate codons ?

  1. UAA, UAG and UGA

  2. GUA, GUG, GCA, GCG and GAA

  3. UUC, UUG, CCU, CAA and CUA

  4. UUA, UUG, CUU, CUC, CUA and CUG

  5. AAC, AAG, GAC and CGG


Correct Option: D

Condensation product of adenine, ribose and phosphoric acid is

  1. Adenylic acid

  2. Adenine phosphate

  3. Adenosine

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A

Number of histone molecules in each nucleosome core is

  1. 14

  2. 12

  3. 10

  4. 8


Correct Option: D

If the codon GGU is reversed, the resulting codon will code for amino acid

  1. Tyr

  2. Trp

  3. Leu

  4. Thr


Correct Option: B

Choose the wrong statement regarding the observation drawn from Human Genome Project

  1. Repetitive sequences are stretches of RNA

  2. Less than 2% of the genome codes for protein

  3. Chromosome Y has the fewest number of genes

  4. SNPs help in tracing human history

  5. Repetive sequences make up a very large portion of the human genome


Correct Option: A

How many sense codons code for 20 human essential amino acids

  1. 61

  2. 62

  3. 63

  4. 64


Correct Option: A

Human genome project (HGP) was initiated in

  1. 1988

  2. 1990

  3. 1992

  4. 1994


Correct Option: B

Human genome project was started in

  1. $1989$

  2. $1990$

  3. $1992$

  4. $1995$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
The Human Genome Project was started in 1990 with the goal of sequencing and identifying all 3 billion chemical units in the human genetic instruction set, finding the genetic roots of disease and then developing treatments.

So, the correct answer is '1990'.

As per latest information human genome has

  1. $3,00,000$ genes

  2. $20,000$ genes

  3. $3,000$ genes

  4. $300$ genes


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
There are an estimated 19,000-20,000 human protein-coding genes. The estimate of the number of human genes has been repeatedly revised down from initial predictions of 100,000 or more as genome sequence quality and gene finding methods have improved and could continue to drop further.
So, the correct answer is '20,000 genes'.

Main aim of human genome project is to

  1. Introduce new genes into human beings.

  2. Identify and sequence all the genes present in human DNA.

  3. Develop better techniques to compare two human DNAs.

  4. Remove disease causing genes from human DNA.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Human genome project was a 13- year long project involving a global, long-term research effort to identify the estimated 30,000 genes in human DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and to figure out the sequences of almost 3 billion nucleotides that make up human DNA. It was completed in 2003.

So, the correct option is 'Identify and sequence all the genes present in human DNA.'

The state in which the viral genome gets integrated with the bacterial genome is called.

  1. Prophage

  2. Prophase

  3. Adsorption

  4. Lysogeny


Correct Option: A

The human genome contains (a) billion nucleotide bases. The average gene consists of (b) bases. Which option is correct for a & b?

  1. $a = 3, b = 3000$

  2. $a = 5, b = 3000$

  3. $a = 3, b = 2000$

  4. $a = 4, b = 3000$


Correct Option: A

All of the following except are sources of change in the genome

  1. Nondisjunction during meiosis

  2. Gene mutations

  3. Crossing over

  4. Amniocentesis


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A process in which amniotic fluid is sampled using a hollow needle inserted into the uterus, to screen for abnormalities in the developing fetus.

It is not part of the change in a genome, so the correct answer is D, amniocentesis.

The human genome project involves all of the following except

  1. altering the human genome

  2. physical mapping of the chromosomes

  3. sequencing of the entire nucleotide sequence of the human genome

  4. location of RFLP markers


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The Human Genome Project (HGP) was launched on 1st October 1990 for sequencing the entire genome of 2.75 billion nucleotide pairs. This megaproject was a 13-year project coordinated by the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institute of Health. During the early years of the HGP, the Wellcome Trust (U.K.) becomes a major partner; additional contributions come from Japan, France, Germany, China, and others. The project was completed in 2003. This project had the following objectives:-
  • To identify all the approximately 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA.
  • To determine the sequences of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA. 
  • Knowing locations of RFLP markers. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) is a technique that exploits variations in homologous DNA sequences. The principle of RFLP markers is that any genomic DNA can be differentiated according to the presence or absence of restriction enzyme sites. 
  • Mapping presence of genes on different chromosomes. 
So, the correct option is 'altering the human genome'.

The sequencing of the entire genome (the totality of all genes) of an organism was completed in 1996. The organism was

  1. Human being

  2. Yeast

  3. Albino mouse

  4. Plasmodium vivax


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The sequencing of the entire genome of an organism was completed in 1996 and the organism was yeast.

So, the correct option is 'Yeast'.

The whole genome of Escherichia coli having $4.6\times 10^6$ bp will be replaced in?

  1. $2$ minutes

  2. One hour

  3. $40$ minutes

  4. $38$ minutes


Correct Option: A

Human Genome Project is under the control of Human Genome Organization which is funded primarily by

  1. NIH in USA

  2. DOE in USA

  3. EC in Europe

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human DNA and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. It remains the world's largest collaborative biological project. The project was proposed and funded by the US government; planning started in 1984, the project got underway in 1990 and was declared complete in 2003. The project has been organized and supported primarily by the DOE, European Commission and the NIH, which established working groups to address genome mapping, computational analysis to handle databases, and the social, legal, and ethical implications of the human genome research. Congress funds the project through the National Centre for Human Genome Research at the NIH, which in turn awards grants and contracts to U.S. investigators. Additional funding from Congress goes to the DOE, which conducts research on human genetics at three national laboratories and also funds independent or private investigators.

The semi dwarf wheat varities are develop from the introduction of dwarf gene.

  1. Lerma

  2. $Norin-10$

  3. $Norin-q$

  4. Both $(2)$ and $(3)$


Correct Option: A

Human genome project was discovered by

  1. Francis Collins and Roderick

  2. Watson and Crick

  3. Beadle and Tatum

  4. Paul Berg and Wollman


Correct Option: A
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