Tag: protectors of biosphere

Electromagnetic energy is the same as radiation or light energy. This type of kinetic energy can take the form of visible light waves, like the light from a candle or a light bulb, or invisible waves, like radio waves, microwaves, x-rays and gamma rays. Further, irrespective of where radiation is coming from, it can travel in a vacuum. The electromagnetic energy in plants can be converted to stored chemical energy during photosynthesis. 

Option 'A' is correct.

Chloroplasts are the cell organelles where photosynthesis occurs. The light reactions occur in thylakoid membranes and dark reactions occur in stroma of chloroplasts. These reactions result in synthesis of sugars (glucose) in chloroplasts.

The chloroplast is the cell organelles present in plant cells that are responsible for initiating the process of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts are double-membrane bound structures. The stroma of chloroplast is the jelly-fluid like structure in which another membrane system is presently called the thylakoids. These thylakoids are stacked upon each other to form the structure called grana. The grana are connected with each other by an extension of thylakoids called stroma lamellae. Thylakoid of grana has the photosynthetic pigments embedded in it that perform the trapping of sunlight and begin the light reaction of the photosynthesis.

In photosynthesis, light-independent reactions are known as dark reactions. This process does not depend directly on the presence of light but is dependent on the products of light reaction i.e., ATP and NADPH. The dark reactions occur through Calvin cycle. They take place in the stromal matrix of the chloroplast. Chloroplast stroma contains light independent reaction enzymes which are required for the reaction. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

In the chloroplast, the primary photochemical reactions occur. During photosynthesis, primary reactions like the light-capturing and ATP-generating reactions occur on grana. Grana are stakes of thylakoids. Quantasomes are particles found in grana. During photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen. Light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. 

The green parts of the plants have the chlorophyll pigment containing chloroplasts. The chloroplast is a type of plastid which plays a major role in the photosynthesis process.

Chlorophyll which is an essential factor in photosynthesis was first isolated and namedby Joseph Bienaime Caventou and Peter Joseph Pelletier but the chemical composition of the same was first elucidated by the German chemist Richard Willstatter followed by Hans Fischer.  Carotenoids which are the organic pigments found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants and other photosynthetic organisms. These  are oil-soluble molecules comprising of 40 branched carbon units bonded together.