Girolamo Savonarola was a Dominican friar and preacher who led a religious and political reform movement in Florence in the late 15th century.

The Protestant Reformation in Italy was primarily aimed at reforming the Catholic Church, addressing issues such as corruption, indulgences, and the authority of the pope.

Venice became a major center of the Protestant Reformation in Italy due to its relative tolerance of religious dissent and its strong trade connections with other Protestant regions.

Exsurge Domine was the papal bull issued by Pope Leo X in 1520, condemning the teachings of Martin Luther and threatening him with excommunication.

Lucca was the first Italian city-state to officially adopt Protestantism, doing so in 1555 under the leadership of Duchess Renata di Ferrara.

The Spirituali was an Italian Protestant movement that emphasized spiritual regeneration and personal piety, led by figures such as Bernardino Ochino and Pietro Carnesecchi.

Ferrara was known as the "Geneva of Italy" due to its strong Protestant influence under the rule of Duchess Renata di Ferrara, who provided refuge to many Protestant reformers.

The Unitarians were an Italian Protestant movement that rejected the doctrine of the Trinity, led by figures such as Lelio Sozzini and Fausto Sozzini.

The Council of Trent was a major Catholic response to the Protestant Reformation, held in the city of Trent from 1545 to 1563.

The Scripturists were an Italian Protestant movement that emphasized the importance of Scripture and rejected the authority of tradition, led by figures such as Pietro Martire Vermigli and Bernardino Ochino.

Rome was known for its strong anti-Protestant stance and its persecution of Protestants, led by Pope Paul IV and the Roman Inquisition.

The Ranters were an Italian Protestant movement that emphasized the importance of personal experience and direct communication with God, led by figures such as Lodovico Castelvetro and Camillo Renato.

Turin was the site of the Waldensian movement, a pre-Reformation Protestant group that originated in the 12th century.

The Arminians were an Italian Protestant movement that rejected the doctrine of predestination, led by figures such as Jacopo Arminio and Giovanni Diodati.

Venice was known for its relatively tolerant attitude towards Protestants and its role as a refuge for Protestant reformers, due to its strong trade connections and its desire to maintain political independence from the papacy.