Sound Pressure Level (SPL) is the primary measure of sound intensity, expressed in decibels (dB) relative to a reference pressure.

Natural sounds, such as birds chirping or wind rustling leaves, are not typically considered noise pollution in urban areas.

Noise is defined as unwanted or excessive sound that can have adverse effects on human health and well-being.

The frequency range between 4 kHz and 8 kHz is considered the most damaging to human hearing, as it corresponds to the region of highest sensitivity of the human ear.

Reflection is the phenomenon where sound waves bounce off surfaces and create echoes or reverberation.

Planting trees and vegetation is not a common method for controlling noise pollution, as it is not as effective as other methods like sound-absorbing materials or noise barriers.

Loudness is the subjective perception of the strength of a sound, as perceived by the human ear.

Noise pollution is generally associated with negative effects on human health, such as hearing loss, sleep disturbance, and cardiovascular problems. Improved cognitive function is not a common effect of noise pollution.

Refraction is the phenomenon where sound waves bend when passing from one medium to another, such as from air to water.

Concrete is not a common type of noise control material, as it is not as effective at absorbing sound as materials like fiberglass, mineral wool, or acoustic foam.

Diffraction is the phenomenon where sound waves spread out as they travel away from the source, causing them to bend around obstacles.

Increasing the distance between the machinery and workers is not a common method for reducing noise from industrial machinery, as it is not as effective as other methods like enclosing the machinery or using vibration isolation mounts.

Absorption is the phenomenon where sound waves are absorbed by a material, reducing their intensity.

Traffic noise is not a common type of environmental sound, as it is typically associated with human activity and not with the natural environment.

Pitch is the subjective perception of the highness or lowness of a sound, as perceived by the human ear.