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Common modes of vegetative propagation - class-IX

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The term 'totipotency' refers to the capacity of a 

  1. cell to generate whole plant

  2. bud to generate whole plant

  3. seed to germinate

  4. cell to enlarge in size


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The capacity to generate a whole new plant from any cell is called totipotency. That whole plant could be regenerated from explants ( any part of plant that taken out and grown under sterile conditions in a special nutritive media). 

So, the correct option is 'Option A' .

Micropropagation involves ____________________.

  1. Vegetative multiplication of plants by using microorganisms

  2. Vegetative multiplication of plants by using small explants

  3. Vegetative multiplication of plants by using micro-spores

  4. Non-vegetative multiplication of plants by using microspores and megaspores


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Micropropagation is the tissue culture technique used for rapid vegetative multiplication of ornamental plants and fruit trees by using small sized explants.

Which of the following should be used as an explant to generate a disease free plant?

  1. Anther

  2. Ovary cell

  3. Shoot tip

  4. Young embryo


Correct Option: C

Which of the following problem does the frequent deep sea diver organism like whales may face?

  1. compression of tissue surrounding air filled cavities.

  2. High blood nitrogen levels

  3. Lack of oxygen

  4. All of these


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Diving to depth can result in mechanical distortion and tissue compression, especially in gas-filled spaces of the body. Absorption of nitrogen into blood can cause high blood nitrogen levels which can exert amniotic effect. Lungs of the deep-diver cannot serve as a source of oxygen during the dive. 

An explant is

  1. dead plant

  2. part of the plant

  3. part of the plant used in tissue culture

  4. part of the plant that expresses a specific gene


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

An explant is a part of the plant that taken out and grown in special nutritive media under sterile conditions. This is the process to generate a whole plant in tissue culture.

So, the correct option is 'Option C' .

Vegetative propagation through cell or tissue culture is known as

  1. Macropropagation

  2. Cloning

  3. Micropropagation

  4. Asexual propagation


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Micropropagation is culture of apical shoots, axillary buds and meristems on suitable nutrient medium to produce a genetically identical progeny. Macropropagation is production of progeny by means of conventional techniques including cuttings, air-layering and grafting. Production of genetically identical cell lineage or organisms is called as cloning. It includes both conventional and tissues culture techniques. Asexual propagation refers to production of progeny by single parent plant, it can occur through vegetative propagules (rhizome, tubers and bulb) or by artificial methods (cutting, and grafting).

Hence, the correct option is C.

What is a callus in plant tissue culture?

  1. Mass of parenchyma cells

  2. Mass of chollenchyma cells

  3. Mass of smooth cells

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A

Callus is

  1. Undifferentiated mass of a tissue

  2. Root formation in culture media

  3. Plant hormones

  4. Plant byproduct


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Plant callus is a mass of unorganized cells derived from plant tissue for use in biological research and biotechnology. In plant biology, callus cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. Callus formation is induced from plant tissues after surface sterilization and plating onto in vitro tissue culture medium. Plant growth regulators, such as auxins, cytokinins and gibberellins are supplemented into the medium to initiate callus formation or somatic embryogenesis.

So, the correct answer is 'underdifferentiated mass of a tissue'

Piece of sterile plant tissue that is used for tissue culture under aseptic condition is

  1. Inoculant

  2. Explant

  3. Clone

  4. Somaclone


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Explant is any portion taken from a plant that will be used to initiate a culture. It can be a portion of the shoot or of the leaves or even just some cells. It is a piece of sterile plant tissue to be used for tissue culture under aseptic conditions. Inoculant is the active material used in an inoculation. Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies. Somacloning is cloning of plant with a single cell. 

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Callus was grown successfully for the first time by

  1. White

  2. Gautheret

  3. Nobecourt

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D

The study of plant and animal tissues outside the body (in a glass tube) is called

  1. In vivo

  2. In vitro

  3. Innate

  4. Ecdysis


Correct Option: B

A plant cell has potential to develop into full plant. The property is called

  1. Tissue culture

  2. Pleuripotency

  3. Totipotency

  4. Gene cloning


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. 
  • For example, Spores and zygotes are examples of totipotent cells.
  • Hence a plant cell has the potential to develop into a full plant. The property is called Totipotency.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Totipotency'.

Concept of cellular totipotency was established by

  1. White

  2. Haberlandt

  3. Steward

  4. Muir


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
  • Cellular totipotency is the ability of a single cell to produce all cell types and to organize them into an entire organism when cultured in a suitable culture medium at an appropriate temperature and aeration conditions. For example, Spores and zygote are examples of the totipotent cell.
  • The concept of totipotency was established by a German Botanist, Professor Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902 in the plant body. He stated that every living cell of the plant body able to regenerate the whole plant body because it is derived from the fertilized egg and contain hereditary information.
  • Hence concept of cellular totipotency was established by Haberlandt.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Haberlandt'.

In which year did White perform successful tissue culture?

  1. 1989

  2. 1932

  3. 1929

  4. 1922


Correct Option: B

Who proposed for the first time that cells are totipotent?

  1. White

  2. Haberlandt

  3. Steward

  4. Halperin and Wetherell


Correct Option: B

Steward et. al., performed experiment to prove cellular totipotency on

  1. Tomato

  2. Carrot

  3. Tobacco

  4. Potato


Correct Option: B

Piece of plant tissue used in tissue culture is

  1. Inoculant

  2. Somaclone

  3. Clone

  4. Explant


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Tissue culture is a biological technique which involves the development of the plant by the totipotent cells under the controlled condition on a nutrient culture medium of the known composition. The totipotent cells are taken from the active part of the plant like root, stem leaf, pollen etc. The plant part which is used for the culture is known as explant. 

So, the correct answer is option D.

Callus is

  1. Material that heals injury in phloem

  2. Undifferentiated mass of cells

  3. Tissue developed in the region of wound

  4. All the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Callus is unorganized actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture. It has meristematic cell which has ample amount of cytoplasm to trigger cell division. It is an undifferentiated mass of cell which differentiates when treated with the growth hormones to promote cell division, differentiation and morphogenesis. It heals the injury in the cell as callus has meristematic cell which replaces the worn out and damaged cell by rapid cell division and it can also replace damage tissue developed in the region of wound.

So, the correct answer is option D.

A cell from leaf is made to grow into complete plant under culture conditions. It shows cellular

  1. Cloning

  2. Totipotency

  3. Hybridisation

  4. All the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Totipotency is the ability of the plant to generate new cell by cell division. A cell from leaf is made to grow into complete plant under culture conditions. The cell of the leaf used for the culture is taken from the tip of the leaf and it has ample amount of meristematic cell. The meristematic cell of the leaf is grown on a cultured media it develops into a undifferentiated mass of callus. The cells of callus have active nucleus and cytoplasm so they are totipotent. The totipotent cells of callus differentiate on treating with growth hormone. Callus when treated with auxin it promotes rooting and when it is treated with cytokinin it stimulates cell maturation, differentiation and finally, promotes the development of stem. 

So, the correct answer is option B.

F.C. Steward is associated with

  1. Molecular biology

  2. Genetics

  3. Tissue culture

  4. Immunology


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

F.C. Steward is associated with tissue culture and played an important role in developing the techniques. Caplin and Steward were the first one to use coconut water as a plant growth regulator in the nutrient media. Later on, it was considered as a substitute for cytokinin. He was also involved in the somatic embryogenesis in carrot cell suspension cultures and production of complete plants. He also laid the foundation of micropropagation technique.

So, the correct answer is option C. 

Plant piece used in tissue culture is called ____________.

  1. Explant

  2. Somaclone

  3. Inoculant

  4. Clone


Correct Option: A

Axenic culture is

  1. Pure culture without any contamination

  2. Pure culture without any nutrient

  3. Culture of a tissue

  4. Culture of gene


Correct Option: A

Callus is

  1. Plant hormone

  2. Root formation in culture media

  3. Plant by-product

  4. Undifferentiated mass of tissue


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Callus is a growing mass of unorganized plant parenchyma cells. It is mainly  used in plant tissue culture. So basically in other words, callus is a undifferentiated mass of tissue. 

Name the process by which thousands of plants  can be raised within limited time and space?

  1. Pathernocarpy

  2. Self pollination

  3. Tissue culture

  4. Water


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

  • The process by which thousands of plants can be raised within limited time and space is Tissue culture.
  • When new plants are grown from a small piece of plant tissue or cells removed from the growing tips of a plant in a suitable growth medium is called tissue culture.
  • Its advantages are:-
1) Thousands of plantlets can be produced in a very less time from a small amount of plant tissue.
2) Very little space is needed for developing new plants.
3) The plants produced are disease free.

The best plant explants to raise virus free plant is?

  1. Embryo

  2. Vessels

  3. Meristem

  4. None


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Meristem is free from viruses and they are used to grow virus-free plant cultures. The meristem has the ability of rapid rate of mitotic cell division, which is much more than the viral rate of division. Hence, the virus is unable to spread through them, hence the meristems are almost always free of viruses.

So, the correct option is 'Meristem'.

Plant part used for tissue culture is sterilized by ____________.

  1. Chemicals

  2. Heat

  3. UV - rays

  4. Nutrient media


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the organism. Plant parts can be sterilized by using several disinfecting agents i.e., use of chemicals.

Ex. :- Calcium hypo chloride, sodium hypo chloride, ethyl alcohol, silver nitrate etc.

In a sexual reproduction, two offspring's have the same genetic material and the same body features are called _______.

  1. Callus

  2. Twins

  3. Clones

  4. Mitosis


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
  • In sexual reproduction, two offsprings have the same genetic material and the same body features are called identical twins.
  • They are two offspring produced by the same pregnancy.
  • Twins have the same genetic material and the same body features because they develop from a single fertilized egg, they have the same genome.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Twins'.

Which is used in tissue culture

  1. Explant

  2. Somaclones

  3. Hybridization

  4. None


Correct Option: A

Tissue culture has been extensively used in research methods in all of the following fields of biology except in

  1. Bacteriology

  2. Embryology

  3. Virology

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to grow cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition ( in vitro). The emergence of this technique became a turning point when polio virus, could be cultivated in vitro, a discovery of Enders, Weller, and Robbins (1949). This led to the feasibility of quantitative metabolic studies in animal viruses. Tissue culture is, therefore, today a vital part of life science research ( across plants and animals ) and in every area of research that includes bacteriology, embryology and virology.

Which increase shoot growth in callus culture?

  1. Cytokinin

  2. Auxin

  3. Gibberellin

  4. ABA


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • The callus is an unspecialized, unorganized, growing and dividing the mass of cells.
  • It produced when explants are cultured on the appropriate solid medium, with both auxin and cytokinin in correct conditions.
  • In Callus culture, Auxins increase root growth and cytokinins increase shoot growth.
  • Hence Cytokinin increase shoot growth in callus culture.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Cytokinin'.

Any cell, tissue or an organ removed from a plant for the purpose of culturing is called as

  1. Stock

  2. Scion

  3. Explant

  4. Embryoid


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Plant cells are totipotent. Hence, plant cells can be cultured to grow entire plants. In-plant tissue culture, a small meristematic tissue called explant is used to generate a mass of undifferentiated cells called callus. Entire plantlets can be generated from callus by applying a carefully balanced ratio of phytohormones.

In late 1950s, F.C Steward experimented on the following plant and confirmed the principal of totipotency.

  1. Carrot

  2. Orange

  3. Tobacco

  4. Brinjal


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

totipotency is the ability of a plant to use all its genes and form a new plant. to prove this F.C Steward did an experiment on the root cells of the carrot plant with which he produced a whole new carrot plant.

So the correct option is A.

Which of the following scientists is related with cellular totipotency?

  1. F.C. Steward and Haberlandt

  2. Vasil and Haberlandt

  3. Haberlandt and Nobecourt

  4. Muir and co-workers


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The potential of the somatic cell to grow and develop into a multicellular and multi-organed organism through the technique of cloning is referred to as cellular totipotency. While German botanist Gottleib Haberlandt introduced the concept of in vitro cell culture, Prof. F.C. Steward of Cornell University worked to show that cellular totipotency is an inherent capability of every single cell. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

The ability of an isolated cell to produce whole plant is called as

  1. Totipotency

  2. Differentiation

  3. Homeostasis

  4. Dedifferentiation


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. Spores and zygotes are examples of totipotent cells. In the spectrum of cell potency, totipotency represents the cell with the greatest differentiation potential. Many somatic plant cells, including some fully differentiated types (e.g., leaf mesophyll), provided they contain intact nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial genomes, have the capacity to regenerate into whole plants. 

Differentiation is the process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another. Most commonly this is a less specialized type becoming a more specialized type, such as during cell growth.
Homeostasis is the property of homeostasis within the human body. The human body manages a multitude of highly complex interactions to maintain balance or return systems to functioning within a normal range.
Dedifferentiation is an important biological phenomenon, whereby cells regress from a specialized function to a simpler state reminiscent of stem cells.
Thus, the correct answer is option A. 

Somaclonal variation is seen in

  1. Tissue culture grown plants

  2. Apomicts

  3. Polyploids

  4. Vegetatively propagated plants


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively and seed propagated and cultivated and non-cultivated plants. Characters affected include both, qualitative and quantitative traits. Somaclonal variation is seen in tissue culture grown plants.
Somaclonal variation is not restricted to, but is particularly common in, plants regenerated from callus. The variations can be genotypic or phenotypic, which in the latter case can be either genetic or epigenetic in origin.
Typical genetic alterations are: changes in chromosome numbers (polyploidy and aneuploidy), chromosome structure (translocations, deletions, insertions and duplications) and DNA sequence (base mutations). A typical epigenetics-related event would be gene methylation.

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Plant part used for culture is called as

  1. Scion

  2. Stock

  3. Explant

  4. Callus


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Explant is any portion taken from a plant that will be used to initiate a culture. It can be a portion of the shoot or of the leaves or even just some cells. Thus, the correct answer is option C. 

Cellular totipotency is demonstrated by

  1. Only gymnosperm cells

  2. All plant cells

  3. All eukaryotic cells

  4. Only bacterial cells


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism. Many somatic plant cells, including some fully differentiated types (e.g., leaf mesophyll), provided they contain intact nuclear, plastid and mitochondrial genomes, have the capacity to regenerate into whole plants. This phenomenon is totipotency.

Explant is

  1. Plant collected after harvesting

  2. Exploited part of a plant

  3. Small part of the plant meant for tissue culture

  4. Uprooted for transplantation


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Explant culture is a technique used for the isolation of cells from a piece or pieces of tissue. Tissue harvested in this manner is called as an explant. It can be a portion of the shoot, leaves or some cells from a plant or can be any part of the tissue from an animal or from umblical cord tissue. So, explant is small part of the plant meant for tissue culture and not uprooted for transplantation, plant, collected after harvesting or exploited part of a plant

So, the correct answer is 'Small part of the plant meant for tissue culture'

The method of asexual reproduction in plants in which callus is produced is

  1. Layering

  2. Grafting

  3. Regeneration

  4. Micropropagation


Correct Option: D

Micropropagation is

  1. Germination of seed with cotyledons above the soil

  2. A technique to obtain new plants by cultivating the cells or tissues in culture medium

  3. The mature stage of endosperm

  4. To manufacture sperm


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Micropropagation is the method of large production of plantlets in a less time. In this method, a small piece of plant tissue (explant) is cultured in a sterile medium which later develops into new plantlets. The offsprings produced by this methods are the exact copy of their parent plant. 

Thus, the correct answer is option B. 

Cloning is obtained through

  1. Hybridisation

  2. Cross-pollination

  3. Self-pollination

  4. Micropropagation


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Micropropagation is the method of large production of plantlets in a less time. In this method, a small piece of plant tissue (explant) is cultured in a sterile medium which later develops into new plantlets. The offsprings produced by this methods are the exact copy of their parent plant and are known as somaclones. So, the technique of micropropagation is also known as cloning.

Thus, the correct answer is option D. 

What is micropropagation?  

  1. Germination of seed with cotyledons above the soil.

  2. A technique to obtain new plants by cultivating the cells or tissues in culture medium.

  3. The mature stage of endosperm.

  4. To manufacture hormones.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Micropropagation is a technique to obtain new plants by cultivating the cell or tissue in culture medium through tissue culture.

So, the correct answer is 'A technique to obtain new plants by cultivating the cells or tissues in culture medium'

Most plant tissue cultures are initiated from

  1. Callus

  2. Explants

  3. Plantlets

  4. Protoplasts

  5. Anthers


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The tissue obtained from a plant to be cultured is called an explant. Explants can be taken from different many parts of a plant, including portions of shoots, leaves, stems, flowers, roots, single undifferentiated cells and from many types of mature cells provided are they still contain living cytoplasm and nuclei and are able de-differentiate and resume cell division. This has given rise to the concept of totipotentency of plant cells. So, the correct answer is 'Explants'.

Callus culture is useful for purposes like

  1. It helps in the production of secondary plant products.

  2. It is useful for the synthesis of starting compounds that are subsequently modified to yield the desired product.

  3. It is the starting materials for vegetative propagation of plants.

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Callus culture is useful for many purposes:
1  Callus is the starting material for the suspension culture which cells are separated.
2. It helps in the production of secondary plant products.
3. It is useful for the synthesis of starting compounds that are subsequently modified to yield the desired product.
4. It is the starting materials for vegetative propagation of plants.

In plant tissue culture, undifferentiated tissue is referred to as

  1. Callus

  2. Bark

  3. Xylem

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

In plant tissue culture, undifferentiated tissue is referred to as callus, although a callus can contain meristematic nodules that may not be obvious to the naked eye but which never develop further unless suitable conditions are supplied.

Reproducing plants by cells instead of seeds is called as

  1. Tissue culture

  2. Amphimixis

  3. Mutation

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Tissue culture is a process that involves exposing plant tissue to a specific regimen of nutrients, hormones, and light under sterile, in vitro conditions to produce many new plants, each a clone of the original mother plant, over a very short period of time. The term plant tissue culture (micro propagation) is generally used for the aseptic culture of cells, tissues, organs and their components under defined chemical and physical conditions in vitro.

The technique of producing large number of genetically similar plants within short time by tissue culture is called as _____________.

  1. Organogenesis

  2. Somatic hybridization

  3. Micro-propagation

  4. Protoplast culture


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Micro-propagation means the propagation of plants by growing plantlets in tissue culture and then planting them out.

Rapidly dividing unorganised mass of cells in tissue culture is

  1. Callose.

  2. Callus.

  3. Embryoid.

  4. Plantlet.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Tissue culture is a growth of cells or tissues separate from the organism in an artificial environment. The process is called as micropropagation in plant tissue culture. In tissue culture, the small piece of plant or animal is used to grow complete individual and those small parts are called as explants whereas complete grown individuals are called clones. The explant initially turns into rapidly dividing unorganised mass of cells on solid or liquid culture and that is called a callus. 

The following cells cannot be grown under tissue culture conditions 

  1. Hela cells

  2. Leucocytes

  3. Kidney cells

  4. Nerve cells


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Nerve cells cannot replicate under Tissue culture conditions hence they cannot be grown by the tissue culture technique. 
So the correct option is D.

Tissue culture was developed by

  1. Haberlandt

  2. Laibach

  3. White

  4. Steward


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In 1902 C.Haberlant was the first attempted to culture isolated plant cells invitro on artificial medium. But the discovery of the use of auxin is done by three scientists Gautherel, Nobecourt, and White. This discovery is the second phase of plant tissue culture. Then White discovery's proves that plant could be successfully regenerated from undifferentiated tissue or even single cell in culture called tissue culture. Then tissue culture was developed by P R White in 1925.
So the correct option is C.

Tissue used by Steward et. al. (1957) to prove cellular totipotency was

  1. Pith of root

  2. Pith of stem

  3. Phloem of root

  4. Phloem of stem


Correct Option: C

What is "tissue culture"?

  1. Cultivation of tissue in laboratory through formation of new cells

  2. Introduction of new tissue in an animal body

  3. A technique for maintaining fragments of cells alive after their removal from an organism

  4. Maintaining tissue alive by immersing it partially in a nutrient fluid


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is typically facilitated via the use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, such as broth or agar. 
  • Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used for plants.

First successful tissue culture was that of

  1. Tomato root

  2. Carrot root

  3. Potato stem

  4. Tobacco callus


Correct Option: A

Cellular totipotency means

  1. Synthesis of new cells.

  2. Formation of new species.

  3. Formation of new plants.

  4. Capability of plant cell to form complete plant.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Cellular totipotency means the ability of a cell to give rise to complete individual i.e., the formation of the complete cellular organisation from a single cell. Plant cells are totipotent as they can give rise to complete plant. So answer D is correct.

The structure employed by White for first successful tissue culture was

  1. Leaf cells

  2. Root of Carrot

  3. Root of Tomato

  4. Apical meristem


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
White was the first one to successfully attempt the technique of tissue culture. He cultured tomato roots in a nutrient media composed of vitamins. He developed the continuously growing callus from the root which had the property of totipotency. The totipotent cells of the roots of tomato undergo cell division and form a mass of active cell known as callus. Callus when treated with auxin it promotes rooting and when it is treated with cytokinin it stimulates cell maturation, differentiation and finally, promotes the development of stem.
So, the correct answer is option C.

Tissue culture technique was first attempted by

  1. Haberlandt

  2. Hanning

  3. Nobecourt

  4. Gautheret


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Tissue culture is a biological technique which involves the development of plant under the controlled condition on a nutrient culture medium of the known composition. The pant developed by the tissue culture are cloned by the process of micropropagation. Gottlieb Haberlandt was the first to attempt tissue culture. He was the first to point out the possibilities of the culture of isolated tissues. He is known as the father of tissue culture.

So, the correct answer is option A.

Callus is

  1. Tissue that forms embryo

  2. An insoluble carbohydrate

  3. Tissue that grows to form embryoid

  4. Unorganised actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Callus is unorganized actively dividing the mass of cells maintained in culture. It has a meristematic cell which has ample amount of cytoplasm to trigger cell division. It is treated with the growth hormones to allow the cell division and differentiation. Callus when treated with auxin it promotes rooting and when it is treated with cytokinin it stimulates cell maturation, differentiation and finally, promotes the development of stem.

So, the correct answer is option D.

Famous embryologist of India who also advanced the science of morphology and tissue culture in India is?

  1. P. Maheshwari

  2. T. S. Sadasivan

  3. Swaminathan

  4. Ramdas


Correct Option: A

Who developed the technique of nurse tissue to show cellular totipotency

  1. Hilderbrandt

  2. Steward

  3. Muir

  4. Konar


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Totipotency is the genetic potential of a plant cell to produce an entire plant. A single cell can produce all cell types and organises them into an entire organism.

The basis of tissue culture is to grow a large number of cells in a sterile controlled environment. The plant cells are allowed to grow in culture medium containing mineral nutrient, vitamins and hormones to encourage cell division and growth. As a result cells in culture will produce an unorganised proliferative mass of cells which is known as callus tissue.
Plant cells can be cultured from isolated single plant cell on the top of the actively growing callus ( nurse tissue ) separated by a piece of filter paper. The filter paper serves to prevent tissue union but allows the flow of essential nutrients from the nurse to the isolated cells. The technique has been developed by Muir e.t. al in 1954. The single cell is isolated from, suspension cultures or friable callus with the help of a micropipette, or from the intact plant tissue  ( root, stem, leaf etc. )
Single cell culture is important for cell cloning, crop improvement programmes, the study of biotransformation etc.
Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Who could grow tomato roots successfully and develop the technique of tissue culture for the first time?

  1. Hilderbrandt

  2. P.R. White

  3. W.H. Muir

  4. F.C. Steward


Correct Option: B
Explanation:
P.R White was the first one to successfully attempt the technique of tissue culture. He cultured tomato roots in a nutrient media composed of vitamins. He developed the continuously growing callus from the root which had the property of totipotency. The totipotent cells of the roots of tomato undergo cell division and form a mass of active cell known as callus. Callus when treated with auxin it promotes rooting and when it is treated with cytokinin it stimulates cell maturation, differentiation and finally, promotes the development of stem.
So, the correct answer is 'P.R. White'

Plant medium used widely in preparation of culture medium is got from

  1. Cycas revoluta.

  2. Cocos nucifera.

  3. Pinus roxburghii.

  4. Borassus flabellifera.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Plant medium used widely in preparation of culture medium is obtained from the Cocos nucifera. It provides the growth hormone known as cytokinin. The first natural cytokinin known as zeatin was obtained from the coconut plant.

Cytokinins are the group of plant hormones which promotes cell division and differentiation in root and stem of the plant. It is involved in inducing morphogenesis. Auxin and cytokinin are used in equal quantity in the growth media of callus it promotes shoot and root formation and finally leads to organogenesis. 
So, the correct answer is option B.

Through which technique more female plants can be produced in papaya ___________.

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Polyploid breeding

  3. Spraying ethephon

  4. Tissue culture


Correct Option: D

Callus is _____________.

  1. Tissue that forms embryo

  2. An insoluble carbohydrate

  3. Tissue that grows to from embryoid

  4. Unorganised actively dividing mass of cells maintained in culture


Correct Option: D

A totipotent cell means ________________.

  1. An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into a system or entire plant

  2. An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into an organ

  3. An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into complete embryo

  4. Cell which lacks the capability to differentiate into an organ or system.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
A totipotent cell means an undifferentiated cell capable of developing into a system or entire plant.

The structure employed by White for first successful tissue culture was ____________.

  1. Root of Carrot

  2. Root of Tomato

  3. Leaf cells

  4. Apical meristem.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

White was the first one to successfully attempt the technique of tissue culture. He cultured tomato roots in a nutrient media composed of vitamins. He developed the continuously growing callus from the root which had the property of totipotency.

Plant medium used widely in preparation of culture medium is got from ____________.

  1. Cycas revoluta

  2. Cocos nucifera

  3. Pinus roxburghii

  4. Borassus flabellifera


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Option $B$ is correct.

Plant medium used widely in the preparation of culture medium is got from Cocos nucifera milk of coconut or coconut water is widely used for culture preparation as it contains several growth substances and can be extracted easily. It provides the growth hormone known as cytokinin. Cytokinins promote cell division and induce morphogenesis. The first natural cytokinin known as zeatin was obtained from the coconut plant.

Banana can be rapidly multiplied by ____________.

  1. Multiple shoot production

  2. Embryoid formation

  3. Shoot tip culture

  4. Callus formation


Correct Option: A

Who is known as father of plant tissue culture?

  1. Haberlandt

  2. Steward

  3. White

  4. Skoog.


Correct Option: A

Haploids are useful for ________________.

  1. Production of callus

  2. Production of homozygous diploids

  3. Microdensitometer studies

  4. Induction of giant cells


Correct Option: A

Which of the following statements are correct?
a. Callus is the disorganised mass of cells formed under in vitro condition.
b. Totipotency is the ability of a plant organ to regenerate an entire organism when cultured in a suitable medium.
c. Embryoid is the embryo-like structure formed under in vitro condition which has the potentiality to develop into a plantlet.
d. Explant is the excised portion of plant tissue or organ which is used in tissue culture study.
Select the correct answer using the codes given Codes.

  1. $1, 2$ and $4$

  2. $1, 3$ and $4$

  3. $1, 2$ and $3$

  4. $2, 3$ and $4$


Correct Option: A

The callus is defined as ________________.

  1. Decaying cells

  2. Differentiated cells

  3. Sterile mass of cells

  4. Undifferentiated mass of cells


Correct Option: A

Electroporation is a technique commonly used in ________________.

  1. Tissue culture

  2. Somatic hybridization

  3. Radioimmuno assay

  4. Electrophoresis


Correct Option: A

Consider the following statements.
Tissue culture is recommended for.
a. Multiplication of elite genotypes
b. Developing virus-free plants
c. Production of secondary metabolites
d. Induction of polyploidy
e. Of useful trees
Of this statements.

  1. $1, 2$ and $4$ are correct

  2. $1, 2$ and $3$ are correct

  3. $1, 3$ and $4$ are correct

  4. $2, 3$ and $4$ are correct


Correct Option: A

Somaclones are obtained by : -

  1. Genetic engineering

  2. Tissue culture

  3. Plant breeding

  4. Irradiation Genetic engineering


Correct Option: B

Which of the following is not a common procedure in tissue culture of plants?

  1. Shoot tip culture for the purpose of micropropagation

  2. Leaf, stem, and root culture for the purpose of cell suspension cultures

  3. Protoplast culture for the purpose of genetic engineering of plants

  4. Culture of hybridized mature plant cells


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

A) Shoot tip culture may be described as the culture of terminal portion of a shoot comprising the meristem together with primordial and developing leaves and adjacent stem tissue. It is a common process used for micropropagation

B) Suspension culture is a type of culture in which single cell or small aggregates of cells mul­tiply while suspended in agitated liquid medium. It is the process done in tissue culture using plant part such as leaf, stem, roots etc.
C) Protoplasts are naked plant cells without the cell wall, but they possess plasma membrane and all other cellular components. Protoplasts of different species can be fused to generate a hybrid and this process is referred to as somatic hybridization. Genetic transformations can be achieved through genetic engineering of protoplast DNA
D) After hybridization or suspension culture, a new mature plant is produced. This plant is identical to its parent plant
So, the correct answer is 'culture of hybridized mature plant cells'

Agitation during tissue culture serves for

  1. Aeration of the culture

  2. Constant Mixing

  3. Breakage of cell aggregates in small particles

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Plant tissue culture is a collection of techniques used to maintain or grow plant cells, tissues or organs under sterile conditions on a nutrient culture medium of known composition. Plant tissue culture is widely used to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation. Agitation during tissue culture serves for:

  • Aeration of the culture
  • Constant Mixing
  • Breakage of cell aggregates in small particles

What is micropropagation?

  1. Germination of seed with cotyledons above the soil.

  2. A technique to obtain new plants by cultivating the cells or tissues in culture medium.

  3. The mature stage of endosperm.

  4. To manufacture hormones.


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

  • Tissue culture, also known as micropropagation, is a propagation method used to produce plants under sterile conditions. 
  • This method uses plant explants (plant parts) or seeds that have been sterilized before being placed in containers with a growing medium (usually a gel) that has some nutrients added. 
  • Micropropagation is the growing of plants from meristematic tissue or somatic cells of superior plants on nutrient suitable media under controlled aseptic physical conditions.
Therefore, the correct answer is option B.

A clone is a group of individuals obtained through______________

  1. Hybridisation

  2. Cross-pollination

  3. Self-pollination

  4. Micropropagation


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

  • Cells derived from a single cell through mitosis constitute a clone and the process of obtaining clones is called cloning (asexual progeny of a single individual make up a clone). 
  • Plant tissue culture or micropropagation is the technique of maintaining and growing plant cells, tissues or organs especially on artificial medium in suitable containers under controlled environmental conditions.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D.

Consider the statements A-D.
A. Production of plants in an artificial synthetic medium is known as micro propagation.
B. Callus is the cellular mass of tissue developed in the early stage of tissue culture.
C. Orchids, dahlia and carnation plants are raised by means of micropropagation.
D. Air layering (gootee) is practised in grape, rose, raspberry and strawberry plants.
The correct statements are given in

  1. Statements A, B and C

  2. Statements A and B

  3. Statements B, C and D

  4. Statements A, B, C and D


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

  • Micropropagation is a more recent practice for growing plants in a culture medium by providing them with all the necessary nutrients and inducing their growth artificially. So, statement A is correct.
  • In the case of growth of plants through asexual means using tissue culture, first of all, the mass of cells is formed which is then differentiated into different cells and forms the entire plant body. This cell mass is called callus. So, statement B is also correct.
  • Examples of micropropagation growth include orchids, dahlia, etc. So, the statement C is also correct.
Examples of Gootee include lychee, pili nut, jack fruit, etc.
So, statement D is incorrect.

Micropropagation means

  1. Preparation of tissue in the laboratory

  2. Genetic engineering

  3. Growth of plantlets in nutrient media in the laboratory 

  4. Preparation of new tissue by DNA recombination


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Micropropagation is a tissue culture technique for plant propagation in which tissue is taken from a plant and grown in a laboratory to produce plants that are genetically identical to the parent. The small portion of plant tissue, sometimes only a single cell, is placed on a growth medium, typically containing sucrose as an energy source.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C.

Callus is not produced in

  1. Wound

  2. Tissue culture

  3. Suspension culture

  4. Sexual reproduction.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:
Callus is an undifferentiated mass of cells, that is formed to heal wounds, in tissue culture and suspension culture. However, they are not produced sexual reproduction as it includes formation of gametes and fusion.
So the correct answer is 'Sexual reproduction'

Stem cuttings are commonly used for propagation in 

  1. Rubber

  2. Mangoes

  3. Sugarcane

  4. Jasmine


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Vegetative reproduction is a type of asexual reproduction in which new plants are formed from the vegetative parts like, tubers, runners, suckers, rhizomes etc. Some of the plants can be propagated by the means of cutting. The part which is cut is allowed to grow into a new plant. Stem cutting which can be referred as the cane cuttings are used in the case of sugarcane. 

So, the correct answer is option C.

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