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Ground tissue system - class-XI

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The most common ground tissue in plants is

  1. Epidermis

  2. Cortex

  3. Parenchyma

  4. Collenchyma


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Parenchyma is a versatile ground tissue that generally constitutes the "filler" tissue in soft parts of plants. It forms, among other things, the cortex and pith of stems, the cortex of roots, the mesophyll of leaves, the pulp of fruits, and the endosperm of seeds. Parenchyma cells are living cells and may remain meristematic at maturity—meaning that they are capable of cell division if stimulated. They have thin and flexible cellulose cell walls, and are generally polyhedral when close-packed, but can be roughly spherical when isolated from their neighbours. They have large central vacuoles, which allow the cells to store and regulate ions, waste products, and water. Tissue specialised for food storage is commonly formed of parenchyma cells.

 So, the correct answer is 'Parenchyma'.

Laticiferous vessels are found in

  1. Xylem tissue

  2. Phloem tissue

  3. Cortex

  4. None of the above.


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Laticiferous vessels are the specialized thin walled parenchymatous cells that secrete latex and are found in the cortex. They lack pits and are composed of cellulose and hemicelluloses and serve to secrete latex. 

So, the correct answer is 'Cortex.'

Endodermis is part of

  1. Epidermal system

  2. Intrastelar tissue

  3. Extrastelar tissue

  4. Vascular tissue


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
Secondary growth refers to addition of extra amount of tissue in the stelar and extrastelar region due to activity of lateral meristem i.e., vascular cambium (fascicular cambium) and cork cambium respectively. Secondary growth in extra stelar zone extends from hypodermis to endodermis and made up of primary tissues during primary growth. 
So, the correct answer is 'Extrastelar tissue.'

Ground tissue consists of

  1. All tissues internal to endodermis

  2. Epidermis and cortex

  3. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles

  4. All tissue external to endodermis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Ground tissue includes all tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles. The ground tissue comprises the bulk of the primary plant body. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are common in the ground tissue.

So, the correct answer is 'All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles.'

Parenchymatous cells filling the space, between dermal and vascular tissue is

  1. Ground tissue

  2. Epidermal tissue

  3. Pith

  4. Vascular bundles


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and usually remain alive after they become mature. Parenchyma forms the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants, and is usually present in cortex, pericycle, pith, and medullary rays in primary stem and root.
So, the correct answer is 'Ground tissue.'

On the basis of location and function, how many types of the tissue system are found in vascular plants?

  1. $2$

  2. $3$

  3. $4$

  4. $5$


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

On the basis of location and function, three main tissue systems are found in plants, dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Dermal tissue is composed of epidermal cells, closely packed cells that secrete a waxy cuticle that aids in the prevention of water loss. The primary components of vascular tissue are the xylem and phloem. The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. The three types of ground tissue, parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma, function in photosynthesis, storage, regeneration, support, and protection.

So, the correct answer is '3'.

Ground tissue includes 

  1. Cortex and pericycle

  2. Pith

  3. Medullary ray

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular. It can be divided into three types parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Cortex is composed of thin-walled parenchymal cells. The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the style of plants.

So, the correct answer is 'Cortex and pericycle'.

Which of the following statements are the functions of a medullary ray in plants?

  1. Storage of food

  2. Secondary growth

  3. Both of the above

  4. None of these


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Medullary ray is a band of parenchyma in the secondary xylem extending into the secondary phloem of the stems of certain vascular plants, formed by the cambium and helps for the storage of food and conduction of nutrients. it helps in the gaseous exchange through the intercellular spaces.

So, the correct answer is 'Storage of food'.

Lateral roots are endogenous in origin as they develop from

  1. Cortex

  2. Endodermis

  3. Pericycle

  4. Vascular strands


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • The roots that arise horizontally from the primary roots which provide anchorage to the plants and fixes it into the soil. 
  • These roots help in the uptake of water and nutrients from the soil which is required for the growth and development of the plants.
  • They are endogenous in nature as it is developed from the cells of the pericycle which become meristematic and undergoes periclinal (parallel to the surface of a part) and anticlinal (right angles to the surface) division.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Pericycle'.

Passage cell is always  located opposite to 

  1. Protoxylem elements

  2. Metaxylem elements

  3. Phloem

  4. Pith


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • Passage cells are also known as transfusion cells.
  • They are thin-walled cells which lack suberin and are found in the endodermis (is the central innermost layer of the cortex) of vascular plants (plants which consist of vascular tissues i.e, xylem and phloem).
  • They are located opposite the protoxylem strands or elements.
  • They are found in the endodermis of dicots.
  • So, the correct answer is 'Protoxylem elements'.

Parenchyma cells filling the space between dermal and vascular tissues form ________.

  1. Ground tissue

  2. Epidermal tissue

  3. Medulla

  4. Vascular tissue


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The tissues present in a plant which are dermal nor vascular are called ground tissues.

  • The ground tissues consist of the following:-
1) Parenchyma cells- are the cells which have a thin primary wall, they are usually present in the pericycle, pith, and medullary rays of primary stem and root.
2) Collenchyma cells - have thin primary walls with secondary thickening at corners.
  • They provide mechanical and structural support in regions of new growth in plants.
3) Sclerenchyma cells - have a thick and lignified secondary walls and are dead in nature. 
  • They provide structural support to plants.
So, the correct answer is 'Ground tissue'.

Ground tissue includes

  1. All tissues internal to endodermis

  2. All tissues external to endodermis

  3. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles

  4. Epidermis and cortex


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
The ground tissue of plants includes all tissues except dermal or vascular tissues. It is divided into three classes based on the nature of the cell walls. Parenchyma cells have thin primary walls and remain alive on maturation. Collenchyma cells have thin walls with some areas having secondary thickening. It provides additional structural support in regions of new growth. Sclerenchyma cells have thick secondary walls and is often dead. It provides the main structural support to a plant
So, the correct answer is 'All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles'

In general, the cells of cortex lack

  1. Chlorophyll

  2. Nucleus

  3. Reserve food

  4. Nucleolus


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Cortex is the ground tissue present between epidermis and endodermis. It is mostly composed of parenchymatous cells. Parenchymatous cells are thin walled polyhedral, isodiametric living cells with sufficient cytoplasm, one or more nuclei and nucleolus. They serve to store food. Chlorophyll is present in chlorenchyma which are specialized to perform photosynthesis and are present in leaves. Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Passage cells are characteristic of

  1. Primary endodermis of dicots

  2. Secondary endodermis of monocots

  3. Bundle sheath of leaves

  4. All of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Passage cells forms the endodermis of older roots of monocots. They are thin walled and have casparian strips, unlike the other cells that becomes suberized and waterproof. Passage cells function to allow transfer of solutes into the stele, in order to eventually reach the transpiration system.

Thus, the correct answer is option B.

In roots, the pericycle give rise to

  1. Lateral roots and cork cambium

  2. Cortex and pith

  3. Xylem and phloem

  4. Epidermis and vascular bundles


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Pericycle is a primary tissue of plant roots and is the site for the initiation of lateral roots and two secondary meristems, the vascular cambium and cork cambium (phellogen). 

The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it is still considered part of the vascular cylinder, because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds.
In dicots, it also has the capacity to produce lateral roots. Branch roots arise from this primary meristem tissue. In plants undergoing secondary growth, the pericycle contributes to the vascular cambium often diverging into a cork cambium
So, the correct answer is 'Lateral roots and cork cambium'

The layers of cells lying between endodermis and vascular bundle is

  1. Cortex

  2. Pith

  3. Pericycle

  4. Exodermis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The layers of cells lying between endodermis and vascular bundle is pericycle. The pericycle is a cylinder of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells that lies just inside the endodermis and is the outer most part of the stele of plants. Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it is still considered part of the vascular cylinder, because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds.

Which is not correct about heartwood?

  1. It is formed of living cells.

  2. It contains resins, tannin and other organic contents.

  3. It is of dark colour.

  4. It lies in the centre region.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Heartwood is also called as 'duramen'. It is dead, central wood of trees. Its cells usually contain tannins or other substances that make it dark in colour and sometimes aromatic. Heartwood is mechanically strong, resistant to decay and less easily penetrated by wood-preservative chemicals than other types of wood.

Passage cells are thin-walled cells found in

  1. Central region of style through which the pollen tube grows towards the ovary

  2. Endodermis of roots facilitating rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle

  3. Phloem elements that serve as entry points for substances for transport to other plant parts

  4. Testa of seeds to enable emergence of growing embryonic axis during seed germination


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Passage cells are endodermal cells of older roots which have retained thin walls and Casparian strips rather than becoming suberized and waterproof like the other cells around them, to continue to allow some symplastic flow to the inside (cortex to pericycle). 

Passage cells function to allow transfer of solutes, such as calcium and magnesium into the stele, in order to eventually reach the transpiration system. 

Casparian strip is found in

  1. Epidermis

  2. Endodermis

  3. Endothecium

  4. Endothelium


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall. The cell wall being made of lignin and without suberin, whereas the Casparian strip is made of suberin and sometimes lignin. It blocks the passive flow of materials, such as water and solutes into the stele of a plant.

Innermost layer of cortex is

  1. Endodermis .

  2. Epidermis

  3. Exodermis

  4. Hypodermis


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in some land plants. It is made of compact living cells surrounded by an outer ring of endodermal cells that are impregnated with hydrophobic substances (Casparian strip) to restrict apoplastic flow of water to the inside. The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele. 

The epidermis cells is a single-layered group of cells that covers plants leaves, flowers, roots and stems. It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. 
The exodermis is a layer of cells from the outermost layer of the cortex of many angiosperms. 
Hypodermis is the outermost cell layer of the cortex of plants. It is also known as exodermis. 

Pith and cortex belongs to 

  1. Epidermis

  2. Ground tissue

  3. Vascular tissue

  4. Bundle sheath


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In the stem, the pith and the cortex make up the ground tissue. The pith is located within the cylinder of vascular tissue, where it often exhibits a spongy texture because of the presence of large intercellular air spaces. If the growth of the pith fails to keep up with that of the surrounding tissues, the pith may degenerate, producing a hollow stem. In general, roots lack piths, although there are exceptions to this rule. 

In contrast, the cortex, which is located between the epidermis and the vascular cylinder, is present in both stems and roots. 

Casparian strip occurs in

  1. Pericycle

  2. Endodermis

  3. Epiblema

  4. Cortex


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis. It is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall. Casparian strip is made of suberin and sometimes lignin. It blocks the passive flow of materials, such as water and solutes into the stele of a plant. 

Casparian strips are characteristic feature of endodermis, made up of

  1. Cutin

  2. Pectin

  3. Suberin

  4. Cellulose


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In plant anatomy, the Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and transverse walls of the endodermis and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall the cell wall.

The Casparian strip is made up of suberin and sometimes lignin. It blocks the passive flow of materials, such as water and solutes into the stele of a plant. Thus, option C is correct.

Casparian strips occur in

  1. Longitudinal and radial walls of epidermal cells

  2. Longitudinal walls of xylem

  3. All walls of endodermis

  4. Radial and tangential walls of endodermis


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Casparian strip is a band of cell wall material deposited on the radial and tangential walls of the endodermis and is chemically different from the rest of the cell wall, the cell wall being made of lignin and without suberin, whereas the Casparian strip is made of suberin and sometimes lignin. It blocks the passive flow of materials such as water and solutes into the stele of a plant. It varies in width and is often much narrower than the wall in which it occurs. It is typically located closer to the inner tangential wall than the outer. 

Passage cells are thin-walled cells found in

  1. Central region of style through which the pollen tube grows towards the ovary

  2. Endodermis of roots facilitating rapid transport of water from cortex to pericycle

  3. Phloem elements that serve as entry points for substances for transport to other plants parts

  4. Testa of seeds to enable emergence of growing embryonic axis during seed germination


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Passage cells are endodermal cells of older roots, which have retained thin walls and Casparian strips rather than becoming suberized and waterproof like the other cells around them, to continue to allow some symplastic flow to the inside. Passage cells function to allow transfer of solutes, such as calcium and magnesium into the stele, in order to eventually reach the transpiration system. 

Periblem gives rise to

  1. Epidermis

  2. Cortex

  3. Cortex and endodermis

  4. Endodermis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

In the histogen theory Henstein divided the shoot apex into various zones. Each zone consists of a group of initial cells and called as histogen or a tissue builder.

The major histogens of the stem and roots are -(a) the dermatogen, a meristematic external layer, (b) the plerome, a central core and (c) the periblem, the region between the two. 
The dermatogen gives rise to the epidermis, the prerome to the primary vascular bundles and the periblem develops into the cortex and endodermis.

Pith and cortex belongs to

  1. Epidermis

  2. Ground tissue

  3. Vascular tissue

  4. Bundle sheath


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Epidermis is the part of epidermal tissue system and forms the outer protective covering of primary plant body. 

All tissues of a plant body except epidermal and vascular tissues system makes ground tissue, which can be intrastelar and extrastelar tissue, depending on its position with respect to stele. 
Cortex and endodermis constitute extra stelar ground tissue, while pericycle, pith and medullary ray constitute the intra stelar ground tissue. 
Vascular tissues system comprise of xylem, phloem and cambium. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Endodermis mainly

  1. Acts as a water tight jacket

  2. Provides protection

  3. Maintains rigidity

  4. Help in transpiration


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The endodermis is the central, innermost layer of cortex in some land plants. It is made of compact living cells surrounded by an outer ring of endodermal cells that are impregnated with hydrophobic substances (Casparian Strip) to restrict apoplastic flow of water to the inside. The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele. In many seedless vascular plants, the endodermis is a distinctly visible layer of cells immediately outside the vascular cylinder (stele) in roots and shoots. In most seed plants, especially woody types, an endodermis is absent from the stems but is present in roots. 

The endodermis helps regulate the movement of water, ions and hormones into and out of the vascular system. It may also store starch, be involved in perception of gravity and protect the plant against toxins moving into the vascular system. Thus, option A is correct. 

Periblem gives rise to

  1. Epidermis

  2. Cortex

  3. Pericycle

  4. Pith


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Histogen theory by Hanstein states that shoot apical meristem consists of three distinct zones- 

i) Dermatogen (external layer), which form outer covering of all organ of plant. 
ii) Periblem (middle layer) gives rise to cortex and endodermis. 
iii) Plerome (central layer) form pith and primary vascular bundle. Thus, option B is correct.

Which of the following does not contain pith?

  1. Siphonostele

  2. Protostele

  3. Eustele

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

Protostele is the most primitive type of stele with central xylem surrounded by phloem and pericycle. Pith is absent in them. Medullation (appearance of pith) of a protostele with central pith is called as siphonostele and thus has central pith surrounded by xylem, phloem and pericycle. Separation of vascular strands by parenchyma in siphonostele give rise to eustele. Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Casparian strip occurs in:

  1. Pericycle

  2. Endodermis

  3. Epidermis

  4. Cortex


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
The innermost layer of cortex forms endodermis, which has compactly arranged barrel shaped cells. The primary thin walled endodermis shows suberin deposition in form of bands or strips that run around the radial and end walls of the cells and forms Casparian strips. 
Thus, the correct answer is option B.

Cortex is formed from

  1. Cambium

  2. Procambium

  3. Ground meristem

  4. Protoderm


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • In plants, the cortex forms the outermost layer of the stem or root which are surrounded by the epidermis layer. 
  • Cortex is made up of differentiated cells which are large and thin-walled parenchyma cells.
  • The outer cortical cells of the cortex have irregularly thickened collenchyma cells.
  • The parenchyma and collenchyma cells are a part of the ground tissue system.
So, the correct answer is 'Ground meristem'

Ground tissue having differentiated concentric layers is found in

  1. Dicot leaf

  2. Monocot leaf

  3. Dicot stem

  4. Monocot stem


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A. Dicot leaf – Mesophyll is the ground tissue. It is differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma.

B. Monocot leaf – Mesophyll is the ground tissue. It is not differentiated. It shows only spongy parenchyma.

C. Cortex is the ground tissue in dicot stem. It is differentiated into hypodermis, general cortex and endodermis.

D. Monocot stem – the region present inner to the hypodermis is ground tissue. It shows scattered arrangement of vascular bundles.

So, the correct option is ‘Dicot stem’.

Periblem forms

  1. Endodermis

  2. Cortex

  3. Both A and B

  4. Epidermis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:
  • The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of a plant form three distinct meristematic zones called the Histogens.
  • These histogens are present at the growing shoot tip or root tip.
  • These tips consist of three histogens based on the type of cells they form.
  • Each of these histogens gives rise to tissues which are different from one another- dermatogen, periblem, plerome (principle tissues)
1) The dermatogen or the outer layer gives rise to the epidermis.
2) The periblem or middle layer gives rise to the cortex and the endodermis (compact living cells with hydrophobic substances) which is the innermost layer of the cortex.
3)The plerome or the inner layer gives rise to vascular tissues.
So, the correct answer is 'Both A and B'.

In cucurbita, hypodermis is formed of

  1. Sclerenchyma

  2. Collenchyma

  3. Parenchyma

  4. Aerenchyma


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The cortical region present below epidermis is called ‘ Hypodermis’. It is made up of collenchyma in dicotyledons and sclerenchyma in monocotyledons.

So, the correct option is ‘Collenchyma’.

What is correct about monocot stem?

  1. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is absent

  2. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are open, phloem parenchyma is absent

  3. Hypodermis is collenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is present

  4. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is present


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A. The hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is absent – True in. monocot stem.

B. The hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are open, phloem parenchyma is absent – False because vascular bundles are closed in monocot stem.

C. Hypodermis is collenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is present – false, because hypodermis is sclerenchymatous and phloem parenchyma is absent in monocot stem

D. Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is present – false, because, phloem parenchyma is absent in monocot stem.

So, the correct option is ‘Hypodermis is sclerenchymatous, vascular bundles are closed, phloem parenchyma is absent’.

Cellular layer covering plant organs is

  1. Epidermis

  2. Hypodermis

  3. Cuticle

  4. Endodermis


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
A. The epidermis is the outermost protective layer of cells which cover all the plant organs which act as a barrier against mechanical injury and also prevents water loss and infection.
B. Hypodermis consists of a layer of cells immediately that is present below the epidermis which is strengthened to provide protection and also store water.
C. The cuticle is a protective layer which is impervious to water and covers the epidermal cells of leaves and plant organs to prevent water loss.
D. Endodermis is the innermost layer of cortex which is made of compact living cells and is surrounded by rings that are impregnated with hydrophobic substances to prevent the apoplastic flow of water.
So, the correct answer is 'Epidermis'.

Periblem produces

  1. Cortex

  2. Pericycle

  3. Vascular strand

  4. Both B and C


Correct Option: A
Explanation:
  • The shoot apical meristem (SAM) of a plant form three distinct meristematic zones called the histogens (histogen theory).
  • These histogens are present at the growing shoot tip or root tip.
These tips consist of three histogens based on the type of cells they form.
  • Each of these histogens gives rise to tissues which are different from one another- dermatogen, periblem, plerome (principle tissues)
1) The dermatogen or the outer layer gives rise to the epidermis.
2) The periblem or middle layer gives rise to the cortex and the endodermis (compact living cells with hydrophobic substances) which is the innermost layer of the cortex.
3)The plerome or the inner layer gives rise to vascular tissues
  • So, the correct answer is 'Cortex'

Cortex is the region found between

  1. Endodermis and vascular bundles

  2. Epidermis and stele

  3. Pericycle and endodermis

  4. Endodermis and pith


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In internal structure of root and dicot stem, the region appears between epidermis and stele is cortex. In roots, cortex includes general cortex and endodermis, where as in dicot stems, cortex includes, hypodermis, general cortex and endodermis. In roots, cortex is concerned in the radial conduction of water, where as in dicot stems, it is concerned in the storage of food materials.

So, the correct option is ‘Epidermis and stele’.

Secondary cortex is derived from 

  1. Intercalary meristem

  2. Protoderm

  3. Procambium

  4. Phellogen


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

  • The secondary cortex which is also known as phelloderm is produced by phellogen or cork cambium. 
  • The cork cambium or the phellogen is a lateral meristem which is responsible for the formation of periderm.
  • The cells of the periderm which grows inward are known as phelloderm while the cells that grow outward is known as phellem or cork.
  • The periderm layer has three distinct layers:-
1) phelloderm – is made up of living parenchyma cells which are present on the inner side of the cork cambium.
2) phellogen or cork cambium- gives rise to periderm
3) phellem or cork is made up of dead cells which have air-filled protective tissues.
So, the correct answer is 'Phellogen'.

Ground tissue consists of

  1. Epidermis and cortex.

  2. All tissues internal to endodermis.

  3. All tissues external to endodermis.

  4. All tissues except epidermis and vascular tissues.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Ground tissue of plants consists of all tissues except epidermis and vascular tissues. It is divided into three types based on the nature of the cell walls. These are parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

Which of the following tissue systems constitutes bulk of the plant body?
  1. Epidermal tissue system

  2. Ground tissue system

  3. Vascular tissue system

  4. Both (a) and (c)


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

The ground tissue consists  majorly of parenchymatous tissue that forms the whole plant body other than the epidermis and the vascular bundles. It arises from the periblem meristematic tissue.

So, the correct answer is 'Ground tissue system'

Ground tissue is composed of the following except

  1. Cortex

  2. Endodermis

  3. Phloem

  4. Pith


Correct Option: C

A nectar-secreting gland cell characterstically contains

  1. Granular cytoplasm filling the cell and a small nucleus

  2. Granular cytoplasm leaving a central vacuole and a small nucleus

  3. Granular cytoplasm filling the cell and a large conspicuous nucleus

  4. Vacuolated cytoplasm but with a large nucleus


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

The tissues that are involved in the secretion of gums, resins, volatile oils, nectar and latex are known as secretory tissues. These are further differentiated into glandular and laticiferous. Glandular tissue consists of special structures or glands made up of isolated cells or small group cells with granular cytoplasm filling it and with a large nucleus. Thus, the correct answer is option C.

Vascular bundles are found scattered in ground tissue, in

  1. Maize stem

  2. Sunflower stem

  3. Gram root

  4. Isobilateral leaf


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

In a monocotyledenous stem, the vascular bundles are not arranged in a circle but are usually scattered throughout the ground tissue. There is no clearly defined pith as there is in many dicotyledonous species. As in the dicots the xylem of the bundles is pre-orientated toward the middles of the stem. Maize is a monocot. So, the vascular bundles in maize stem are scattered in ground tissue. 

Dicots such as sunflower stem, gram root and isobilateral leaf vascular bundles are arranged circularly. Thus, option A is correct.

Which one of the following statements pertaining to plant structure is correct?

  1. Cork lacks stomata, but lenticels carry out transpiration.

  2. Passage cells help in transfer of food from cortex to phloem.

  3. Sieve tube elements possess cytoplasm and nuclei.

  4. The shoot apical meristem has a quiescent centre.


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Stoma (plural stomata) is a pore, found in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that is used to control gas exchange. The pore is bordered by a pair of specialized parenchyma cells known as guard cells that are responsible for regulating the size of the opening. Stomata is absent in cork or phellem. A lenticel is a porous tissue consisting of cells with large intercellular spaces in the periderm of the secondarily thickened organs and the bark of woody stems and roots of dicotyledonous flowering plants. It functions as a pore, providing a pathway for the direct exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere through the bark, which is otherwise impermeable to gases. Cork contains lenticels. Thus, option A is correct. Passage cells are endodermal cells of older roots which have retained thin walls and Casparian strips rather than becoming suberized and waterproof like the other cells around them, to continue to allow some symplastic flow to the inside. Experimental evidence suggests that passage cells function to allow transfer of solutes such as calcium and magnesium into the stele, in order to eventually reach the transpiration system. Sieve tube elements lacks nuclei. Quiescent zone is present in root apex. 

Thus, the correct answer is option A.

Pith and cortex of the stem are parts of

  1. Dermal tissue system

  2. Vascular tissue system

  3. Ground tissue system

  4. Epidermal tissue system


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A. Dermal tissue system – Epidermis 

B. Vascular tissue system – Xylem and phloem 

C. Ground tissue system – General cortex, endodermis, pericycle,medulla,      medullary rays, conjunctive tissue, mesophyll 

D. Epidermal tissue system – Epidermis

So, the correct option is ‘Ground tissue system’.

Endodermis is part of

  1. Medulla

  2. Stele

  3. Cortex

  4. Exodermis


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

A. Medulla – central part of the stele.

B. Stele – central part of the root and dicot stem, includes pericycle, vascular bundles, medulla, medullary rays or conjuctive tissue.

C. Cortex – middle part of the dicot stem and root, includes hypodermis, general cortex and endodermis.

D. Exodermis – outer part of mature monocot root.

So, the correct option is ‘Cortex’.

Innermost layer of cortex is?

  1. Endodermis

  2. Epidermis

  3. Exodermis

  4. Hypodermis


Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A.Endodermis - Inner most layer of cortex

B.Epidermis – outer layer of organs.

C.Exodermis – outer most layer of mature monocot root.

D.Hypodermis – it is present inner to the epidermis in stems.

So, the correct option is ‘Endodermis’.

Atactostele consists of vascular bundles

  1. Arranged in a ring

  2. Three in number

  3. Scattered in ground tissue

  4. Broken vascular bundles


Correct Option: C
Explanation:

Stele in which vascular bundles are arranged in scattered manner in the ground tissue, is called Atactostele. It is found in monocot stem.

So, the correct option is 'Scattered in ground tissue'.

What is the correct sequence?

  1. Xylem-Cambium-medulla

  2. Cortex-Endodermis-pericycle-xylem

  3. Cambium-xylem-cortex

  4. None of the above


Correct Option: B
Explanation:

In the anatomy or internal structure of dicot stem, epidermis, followed by cortex, followed by endodermis, pericycle, phloem, xylem, medulla are present from outer to inner.

So, the correct option is 'cortex - endodermis - pericycle - xylem'.

Cork cambium is produced from 

  1. Apical meristem

  2. Lateral meristem

  3. Intercalary meristem

  4. Ground tissue


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Cork cambium arises from outer most layer of the cortex which is the ground tissue. 

So, the correct answer is 'Ground tissue'

For a successful graft, the adhesion between stock and scion is a must. 

Which one of the following is the earliest event towards a good graft?

  1. Production of plasmodesmata in the cells at the interface of stock and scion.

  2. Coordinated differentiation of vascular tissue between the stock and scion.

  3. Regeneration of cortex and epidermis over the union of stock and scion.

  4. Production of callus tissue between the cells of stock and scion.


Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Grafting is a technique whereby tissues from one plant are placed or inserted into another in such a way that the vascular tissues of both the plants may join together. The plant which is selected for its roots is called as the stock and the one selected for its stems and leaves and flowers is called as the scion. For successful grafts, the events that should take place is the production of the callus tissue between the cells of the stock and scion. 

Thus, the correct answer is option D.

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