Stem cells and applications - class-X
Description: stem cells and applications | |
Number of Questions: 31 | |
Created by: Rani Rajan | |
Tags: biotechnology and its applications zoology cell theory, cell specialization, and cell replacement cell biology and biotechnology biology applied biology applications of biotechnology breeding and biotechnology biotechnology and its application cell clusters |
In autologous stem cell transplant, the stem cells are obtained
-
From the individual itself.
-
From a donor.
-
From the identical twin.
-
Both A and B.
There are different types of transplantations in which the donor from which the stem cells are received differs. In the case of the autologous stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are obtained from the same individual. The peripheral blood or the bone marrow stem cells can be used for the purpose of transplantation. There are no chances of rejection due to graft versus host reaction.
Which of the following diseases can be cured by stem cell therapy?
-
Haematopoiesis
-
Lymphoma
-
Dwarfness
-
Both A and B
Why is umbilical cord preserved after the birth?
-
It is a source of RBC.
-
It has a greater content of blood plasma.
-
It is a source of stem cells.
-
All of the above.
Stem cells are found in all organisms and are capable of dividing to form new cells which can be differentiated into various types of specialised cells. The umbilical cord is the structure which attaches the fetus with the placenta in the maternal womb. The umbilical cord contains the embryonic stem cells which can use for the treatment of disorders during the life of an individual. The umbilical cord can be preserved during the child birth.
Among the following stem cells, which are found in the umblical cord
-
Embryonic stem cells
-
Adult stem cells
-
Cord blood stem cells
-
All of the above
Do animals have tissues similar to meristematic tissues in plants? If yes, what are they?
-
Epithelial cells
-
Germ cells
-
Stem cells
-
They don't have similar cells
Animals have stem cells which are similar to the meristematic tissues in plants. They are capable to divide. These are undifferentiated cells which later on gets specialized. They divide continuously and help in the growth and repair of the body.
Cellular totipotency was for the first time demonstrated by _____________.
-
F.C. Steward
-
P. Maheshwari
-
W.H. Muir
-
Y.P.S. Bajaj
A- The capacity to generate a whole plant from any cell or explant is called totipotency. The first evidence of totipotency was given by F.C.Steward et al in 1950 in USA.
The inherent capacity of a cell to regenerate a new whole organism or plant is called as
-
Ontogeny
-
Totipotency
-
Differentiation
-
Homeostasis
Which one of the following is the true definition of totipotent cell?
-
An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into an organ.
-
An undifferentiated cell capable of developing into a system or entire plant.
-
Cells that lack the capability of differentiating into an organ or system.
-
Undifferentiated cells capable of developing into complete embryo.
The term 'totipotency' means
-
A group of animals of unrelated characters
-
The capacity of a cell to regenerate into a whole plant
-
Hybrids formed as a result of somatic hybridization
-
Sexually produced offsprings
Totipotency is the ability of cells such as an embryonic stem cell to differentiate into any type of body cell. Plant cells are also totipotent, which helps to explain why a graft of a plant can generate a whole new individual out of just a small branch cutting.
What are stem cells?
-
Ability of renew themselves
-
Do not have a ability of renewal
-
Totipotent
-
Both A and C
- Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multicellular organisms.
- They are characterized by the ability to renewing themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiation into the diverse range of specialized cell types. Example: bone marrow cells.
Hence, option D is correct.
Stem cell therapy was first done by
-
James E. Till.
-
Ernest A. McCulloch.
-
Eva Engvall.
-
Both A and B.
The technique in which the stem cells are transplanted from donor into the patient for production of the new cells is known as the stem cell therapy. This technique was performed by James E. Till and Ernest A. Mc Culloch. These scientists were performing experiments on the bone marrow of the mice using radiations. They discovered the existence of the stem cells in the bone marrow.
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be
-
Autologous.
-
Allogeneic.
-
Syngeneic.
-
All of the above.
Hematopoietic stem cells are obtained from the bone marrow and used for transplantation. There are different types of transplantations in which the donor from which the stem cells are received differs. In the case of the autologous stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are obtained from the same individual. In an allogeneic system, the stem cells can be obtained from any related or non-related person who is compatible with the patient. In the syngeneic stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are obtained from the identical twin.
Stem cells can be
-
Pluripotent.
-
Multipotent.
-
Totipotent.
-
All of the above.
Stem cells are the cells which can form different cells which can differentiate and perform different functions. The pluripotent stem cells are the cells which can generate all the cells in the body of an organism. The multipotent stem cells are cells which can form more than one type of cell. The totipotent cells are the cells which can differentiate to form all the type of cells in the body as well as the extraembryonic structures like the placenta.
The stem cells required for embryonic stem cell culture is obtained from the
-
Blastocyst.
-
Liver.
-
Umbilical cord.
-
None of the above.
The inner cells present in the blastocyst are the embryonic stem cells. When the embryonic culture is performed for obtaining the stem cells, the embryo is cultured till the blastocyst stage. The cells present as the inner cell mass are removed which act as a source of pluripotent stem cells which can differentiate into cells of the complete body.
Which of the following is a cryoprotectant?
-
Mannitol
-
DMSO
-
Ethylene oxide
-
All of the above
The cells, tissues, semen and embryo can be preserved for longer periods at lower temperatures using cryopreservation. When the cells are frozen, there is formation of ice crystals in the cells which will rupture the cells. The cryoprotectants like DMSO (dimethylsulphoxide) prevents the formation of these crystals when the cells are stored in liquid nitrogen.
Progenitor cells are ................. in nature.
-
Oligopotent.
-
Multipotent.
-
Unipotent.
-
None of the above.
Stem cells are found in all organisms and are capable of dividing to form new cells which can be differentiated into various types of specialised cells. The progenitor cells have the capability to differentiate into one type of cell. Due to this property, they are also known as unipotent stem cells. The pancreatic progenitor cells can from the cells in the pancreas.
The stem cells obtained by deliberate epigenetic reprogramming are known as
-
Embryonic stem cells.
-
Adult stem cells.
-
Induced stem cells.
-
All of the above.
Many mechanisms are used to obtain the stem cells. The somatic cells or the reproductive cells can be induced to form the stem cells using genetic reprogramming method. Reprogramming can be performed using the factors or proteins which induce the normal body cells to be stimulated to form stem cells. Pluripotent stem cells are generally formed with the help of the induction mechanism.
The accessible source for autologous adult stem cells in humans is
-
Adipose.
-
Hepatic cell.
-
Bone marrow.
-
Both A and C.
Amniotic fluid acts as a source of ............ cells at the time of childbirth.
-
Stem.
-
RBC.
-
WBC.
-
None of the above.
The amniotic fluid is present in the amniotic cavity in which the embryo develops. The amniotic fluid contains the stem cells. These cells can be checked by karyotyping for the presence of any chromosomal disorder. These stem cells are present till the childbirth because after birth, the structures are expelled out.
A pericyte is a type of stem cell which mainly cures
-
Asthma.
-
Muscular dystrophy.
-
Leukemia.
-
None of the above.
The pericytes are the stem cells which are found in the adult tissues. These cells are generally found in the outer layer of the blood vessels. These cells can be used for transplantation in the individual who suffers from muscular dystrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder which results in weakening and wasting of the muscle tissues. The pericytes are the stem cells which can help in the production of the new muscle tissues.
SCNT stands for
-
Somatic cell nuclear transduction.
-
Somatic cell nuclear transfer.
-
Somatic cell nutrient transfer.
-
None of the above.
SCNT stand for somatic cell nuclear transfer. It is a laboratory technique for creating an ovum with a donor nucleus. It can be used in embryonic stem cell research, or in regenerative medicine.
Which of the following term is used when transplanted cells do not begin producing new cells as planned?
-
Graft failure
-
Anemia
-
Mucositis
-
All of the above
The stem cell transplantation is the method which can be used for the treatment of many disorders like cancer, genetic defects, etc. The main complication of this method is graft rejection by the host. The graft may contain antigens which act as a foreign body in the host. The antibodies are produced against this organ which results in the rejection and destruction of the organ in the host. The rejection is also referred as graft failure.
The following are statements about stem cells:
a) There are unspecialised / undifferentiated cells.
b) They can be transformed into any type of body cell.
c) They can multiply rapidly to form a large number of similar types of cells.
d) They cannot transform into cardiac cells or nerve cells.
e) They are obtained from reproductive progeny only.
The correct statements are ______________:
-
a, b, c only
-
c, d, e only
-
a, c, e only
-
b, c, e only
Identify the wrong statement with respect to embryonic stem cells.
-
They are pluripotent.
-
They are isolated from epiblast tissue of blastocyst.
-
They cannot proliferate in culture medium.
-
They can give rise to the three germination layers.
Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos. In human beings, they are derived from inner cell mass of 3 to 5 days old hollow microscopic ball of cells called blastocyst.
Totipotency was first observed by
-
Steward
-
Guha and Maheswari
-
Strasburger
-
Haberlandt
Totipotency refers to the ability of many cells to retain the full genetic potential characteristic of the mature organism from which any of the cells were obtained, and thus enable the cell to regenerate the organism’s tissues and organs under favorable conditions. The possibility of regenerating an entire plant from a single or few non-zygotic cells was proposed by Gottlieb Haberlandt in 1902. Haberlandt is popularly called the father of tissue culture.
Which of the following is an oligopotent stem cell?
-
Lymphoid cells
-
Satellite cell
-
Hemopoietic cell
-
Both A and C
Cord blood is the sample of blood taken from the
-
Placenta.
-
Umbilical cord.
-
Urethra.
-
None of the above.
Stem cells are found in all organisms and are capable of dividing to form new cells which can be differentiated into various types of specialised cells. The umbilical cord is the structure which attaches the fetus with the placenta in the maternal womb. The cord blood is the sample of blood which is collected from the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord contains the embryonic stem cells which can use for the treatment of disorders during the life of an individual and so, they are preserved.
Which of the following has reported success in re-growing cochlea hair cells with the use of embryonic stem cells?
-
James E. Till
-
Heller
-
Eva Engvall
-
None of the above
The technique in which the stem cells are transplanted from donor into the patient for production of the new cells is known as the stem cell therapy. Heller was the scientist who performed experiments on the hair cells in the cochlea. The damaged hair cells were transplanted with the embryonic stem cells. The damaged cells showed growth and differentiated to form the hair cells.
In syngeneic stem cell transplant, the stem cells are obtained by
-
From the individual itself.
-
From a donor.
-
From the identical twin.
-
None of the above.
There are different types of transplantations in which the donor from which the stem cells are received differs. In the case of the syngeneic stem cell transplantation, the stem cells are obtained from the identical twin. There are very fewer chances of graft versus host reaction and rejection in these type of transplantation.
Which of the following is considered as a complication of stem cell transplantation?
-
Graft-versus-host disease
-
Down syndrome
-
Huntington's disease
-
None of the above
The stem cell transplantation is the method which can be used for the treatment of many disorders like cancer, genetic defects, etc. The main complication of this method is graft rejection by the host. The graft may contain antigens which act as a foreign body in the host. The antibodies are produced against this organ which results in the rejection and destruction of the organ in the host.
Cellular totipotency was for the first time demonstrated by
-
F. C. Steward
-
P. Maheshwari
-
W. H. Muir
-
Y. P. S. Bajaj
Totipotency was first demonstrated by Steward and Reinert in the 1950s. Professor F. C. Steward discovered and laid the foundation for plant tissue culture; genetic engineering and plant biotechnology of food crops or trees.