Speciation is the process by which new species are formed through the accumulation of genetic differences between populations.

Allopatric speciation occurs when populations are geographically isolated, while sympatric speciation occurs when populations are in the same geographic area.

Natural selection plays a crucial role in speciation by driving the accumulation of genetic differences between populations, favoring the survival and reproduction of individuals with advantageous traits, and ultimately leading to the formation of new species.

Extinction is the process by which species become extinct, meaning they cease to exist.

The five major extinction events in Earth's history are the Ordovician-Silurian, Devonian, Permian-Triassic, Triassic-Jurassic, and Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction events.

It is estimated that over 99% of all species that have ever existed on Earth have gone extinct, amounting to approximately 1 billion species.

Adaptation is the process by which species adapt to their environment, allowing them to survive and reproduce more successfully.

The three main types of adaptations are structural adaptations (changes in physical structures), behavioral adaptations (changes in behavior), and physiological adaptations (changes in internal processes).

Divergent evolution is the process by which species diverge from a common ancestor, leading to the formation of new species with distinct characteristics.

Convergent evolution is the process by which species become more similar to each other, despite having different ancestors, due to similar environmental pressures.

Anthropogenic extinction is the process by which species become extinct due to human activities, such as habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change.

Rewilding is the process by which species are reintroduced into their natural habitat after becoming extinct, with the aim of restoring ecological balance and biodiversity.

Conservation is the process by which species are protected from extinction, typically through habitat protection, sustainable resource management, and captive breeding programs.

Taxonomy is the process by which species are studied and classified, providing a systematic framework for understanding the diversity of life on Earth.

Nomenclature is the process by which species are named and given scientific names, providing a standardized system for identifying and communicating about different species.