Here the Comparative degree of the Adjective is to be used as a comparison is made between the time he arrived and the time of his arrival. 'Later' refers to time and hence it is the correct option.

Here the comparison is made between the ages of two people, so the Comparative degree of the Adjective is to be used. Hence, 'elder' is the correct option.

Here the Superlative degree of the Adjective is to be used as it refers to the most recent news. Hence, 'latest' is the correct option.

'Latter' refers to position. Here a comparison is made between the chapters in the beginning and the latter chapters. So, this is the correct option.

Here Superlative degree of the Adjective is to be used as comparison is made among all the temples of the town. Hence, 'oldest' is the correct option.

'Further' means additional. Hence, this is the correct option.

Here the comparison is made between the ages of three people, so the Superlative degree of the Adjective is to be used. Hence, 'eldest' is the correct option.

'Farther' means more distant. Hence, this is the correct option.

'Nearest' denotes distance. Here comparison is made between the distances of all the police stations and the other which has the least distance, so the Superlative degree of the Adjective is correct. Hence, 'nearest' is the correct option.

'Next' denotes position. Hence, it is the correct option.

'Nearest' denotes distance. Here comparison is made between all the ports and the Mumbai seaport, so the Superlative degree of the Adjective is correct. Hence, 'nearest' is the correct option.

'Next' denotes position. Hence, this is the correct option.

Comparison is made the between two so the Comparative degree of the Adjective is to be used. Hence, 'better' is the correct option.

'Next'denotes position or order. Hence, this is the correct option.

Further should be used with non-physical distance, i.e. when not thinking about more miles etc. but more time, more effort.