Climate change is primarily driven by human activities, especially the burning of fossil fuels, which release greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, trapping heat and causing global temperatures to rise.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) is the most significant greenhouse gas contributing to climate change. It is released into the atmosphere primarily through human activities such as burning fossil fuels for energy production, transportation, and industrial processes.

The primary goal of the Paris Agreement is to limit global temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels. This ambitious target aims to mitigate the severe impacts of climate change and promote a sustainable future.

France was the first country to ratify the Paris Agreement on February 15, 2016, demonstrating its commitment to combating climate change and transitioning to a low-carbon economy.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are voluntary commitments made by countries under the Paris Agreement to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. Each country sets its own targets and policies to achieve these reductions, contributing to the collective global effort to combat climate change.

The '1.5 degrees Celsius' target in the Paris Agreement represents the maximum allowable temperature increase above pre-industrial levels to avoid catastrophic climate impacts, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and biodiversity loss. It is a critical threshold for mitigating the worst effects of climate change.

The industrial sector is the largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions globally, accounting for approximately 21% of total emissions. Industrial activities, such as manufacturing, mining, and construction, release significant amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, play a crucial role in mitigating climate change. They reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil fuels, provide a reliable and affordable energy supply, and create jobs and stimulate economic growth, contributing to a sustainable future.

Climate justice encompasses the fair and equitable distribution of the burdens and benefits of climate change, the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities, and the recognition of the disproportionate impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities. It seeks to address the social and environmental injustices associated with climate change.

Forests play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen, and providing habitat for biodiversity. They act as carbon sinks, helping to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.

Climate change has significant impacts on human health. It increases the risk of heat-related illnesses, respiratory diseases, and waterborne diseases due to extreme weather events, air pollution, and changes in disease transmission patterns.

International cooperation is essential in addressing climate change. It involves sharing technology and financial resources, coordinating global emissions reduction efforts, promoting sustainable development practices, and fostering collaboration among countries to achieve common climate goals.

The 'ratchet mechanism' in the Paris Agreement requires countries to regularly review and update their NDCs, aiming for progressive ambition in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This mechanism ensures that countries continuously enhance their climate action over time.

Adaptation plays a crucial role in addressing climate change by preparing for and responding to its impacts. It involves measures such as building resilience, managing risks, and implementing strategies to cope with the effects of climate change on ecosystems, communities, and economies.

Carbon neutrality refers to achieving a balance between carbon emissions and carbon removal from the atmosphere. It involves reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero through measures such as transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and implementing carbon capture and storage technologies.