Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5), can penetrate deep into the lungs and cause inflammation and other adverse effects on children's respiratory system.

Air pollution has been linked to a range of adverse effects on children's cognitive development, including reduced IQ scores, impaired memory and attention, and increased risk of autism spectrum disorder.

Children, elderly adults, and people with chronic respiratory conditions are all more susceptible to the adverse health effects of air pollution due to their developing or compromised respiratory systems.

Vehicle exhaust is a major contributor to air pollution in urban areas, particularly in terms of nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.

Promoting public transportation and walking, encouraging the use of electric vehicles, and improving energy efficiency in buildings are all effective strategies for reducing air pollution in cities.

Air pollution can weaken the immune system, making children more susceptible to respiratory infections, allergies, and asthma.

Deposition is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited on the ground or water surfaces.

Ozone is a major component of smog and is formed by the reaction of nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight.

Degradation is the process by which air pollutants are broken down into less harmful substances through chemical reactions.

Sulfur dioxide is a major contributor to acid rain, as it reacts with water vapor in the atmosphere to form sulfuric acid.

Advection is the process by which air pollutants are transported over long distances by the wind.

Carbon dioxide is a major greenhouse gas and is the primary contributor to global warming.

Absorption is the process by which plants take in air pollutants through their leaves and stems.

Formaldehyde is a common indoor air pollutant that is emitted from building materials, furniture, and cleaning products.

Precipitation is the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere by water droplets in clouds and rain.