Medieval maps served multiple purposes, including navigation and exploration, religious and symbolic representation, and territorial claims and political boundaries.

Portolan charts were commonly used for navigation in the Mediterranean Sea and were characterized by their detailed coastlines, compass roses, and rhumb lines.

T-O maps were symbolic representations of the world, depicting it as a flat disk surrounded by an ocean, with Jerusalem at the center.

Ptolemy, a Greek geographer and astronomer, is credited with creating the first world map in the 2nd century CE.

Medieval mapmakers relied on various sources of information, including exploration and travel accounts, ancient texts and manuscripts, and astronomical observations.

Medieval maps contributed to the development of modern cartography by providing a foundation for future mapmaking techniques, influencing the development of navigation instruments, and helping shape our understanding of the world's geography.

The Hereford Mappa Mundi is renowned for its intricate and detailed illustrations, depicting biblical scenes, historical events, and mythical creatures.

Mappae mundi were circular maps that provided a comprehensive overview of the known world, often incorporating religious and symbolic elements.

The Vinland Map is a controversial map that is believed to depict the North American coastline, including the island of Newfoundland.

Medieval maps played a significant role in the Age of Exploration by providing valuable information for explorers and navigators, shaping the European worldview and understanding of the world, and contributing to the development of new navigation techniques.

Gerardus Mercator is known for his revolutionary projection system, the Mercator projection, which is still widely used today for navigation and cartography.

Parchment, made from animal skin, was the primary material used for creating medieval maps due to its durability and resistance to tearing.

T-O maps, with their circular shape and Jerusalem at the center, were symbolic representations of the world in medieval cartography.

Medieval maps contributed to the development of geography as a discipline by providing a visual representation of the world, facilitating the study of different regions and cultures, and helping shape geographical theories and understanding.