Charles Darwin is credited with formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection, which explains how species change over time through the process of natural selection.

Natural selection is the process by which organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on those advantageous traits to their offspring.

Evolution refers to the gradual change in the characteristics of a population over several generations, resulting in the emergence of new species or the modification of existing ones.

Divergent evolution is the process by which two or more species evolve from a common ancestor, gradually accumulating differences over time as they adapt to different environments or ecological niches.

Convergent evolution is the process by which organisms evolve independently but develop similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures, leading to analogous structures or behaviors.

Speciation is the process by which a population of organisms becomes reproductively isolated from other populations of the same species, leading to the formation of new, distinct species.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms develop traits that increase their chances of survival and reproduction in their specific environment.

Genetic drift is the random fluctuation of gene frequencies in a population due to chance events, such as the survival or death of individuals, rather than natural selection.

Mutation is the process by which the genetic material of an organism changes, resulting in new traits. Mutations can be caused by various factors, such as exposure to radiation or errors during DNA replication.

Recombination is the process by which genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in the creation of new combinations of alleles.

Gene flow is the movement of genes from one population to another, typically through migration or interbreeding.

Creationism is the belief that the universe and all living things were created by a supernatural being or beings, rather than through natural processes.

Intelligent design is the idea that the universe and all living things were designed by an intelligent creator, rather than through natural processes.

Evolution is the scientific study of the history of life on Earth and the relationships between different organisms.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms become better adapted to their environment over time, typically through natural selection.