Illuminated manuscripts were primarily created to enhance and beautify religious texts, such as Bibles, prayer books, and psalters.

Gilding, the application of gold leaf to create a shimmering effect, was a popular technique used to highlight important elements in illuminated manuscripts.

Capitulum refers to the decorative initial letters that often mark the start of a new chapter or section in illuminated manuscripts.

The Book of Kells, the Lindisfarne Gospels, and the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry are all renowned examples of illuminated manuscripts from the medieval period.

Parchment, made from animal skin, was the primary material used for creating illuminated manuscripts due to its durability and smooth surface.

Blue was often used to symbolize divine or heavenly elements in illuminated manuscripts, representing the sky, water, and the spiritual realm.

Miniatures are the small, detailed paintings that illustrate scenes or stories within an illuminated manuscript, often found at the beginning of chapters or sections.

Religious narratives, such as stories from the Bible or the lives of saints, were common themes found in illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages.

Scribes were responsible for writing the text, creating the illustrations, and binding the manuscript, making them essential contributors to the creation of illuminated manuscripts.

The Menologion of Basil II is a renowned example of an illuminated manuscript from the Byzantine Empire, known for its intricate illustrations and historical significance.

Gilding refers to the practice of applying gold or silver leaf to the illustrations in an illuminated manuscript, creating a shimmering and luxurious effect.

Portraits, particularly of religious figures or historical individuals, were a common type of illustration found in illuminated manuscripts from the Middle Ages.

Illuminated manuscripts were primarily created to preserve religious and cultural knowledge, serving as a means of transmitting stories, teachings, and historical records.

The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is a renowned example of an illuminated manuscript from the Islamic world, known for its epic poetry and intricate illustrations.

Marginalia refers to the decorative borders that often surround the text and illustrations in an illuminated manuscript, adding visual interest and enhancing the overall design.