Modal harmony is characterized by the use of different scale structures, such as the Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, and Mixolydian scales, which create unique melodic and harmonic possibilities.

The tonic is the primary scale or mode that establishes the tonal center and provides the foundation for the harmonic structure of a piece of music.

The pentatonic scale is not typically associated with modal harmony, as it consists of only five notes and lacks the characteristic intervals that define the other modal scales.

The perfect cadence, consisting of a progression from the dominant chord to the tonic chord, is commonly used in modal harmony to create a sense of resolution and stability.

The Phrygian scale is characterized by its flat second interval, which gives it a distinctive dark and mysterious sound.

Modulation is the process of transitioning from one modal scale to another, creating a shift in the tonal center and harmonic context of a piece of music.

The Lydian scale is characterized by its raised fourth interval, which gives it a bright and uplifting sound, often associated with joy and optimism.

The interrupted cadence, consisting of a progression from the dominant chord to a chord other than the tonic, is commonly used in modal harmony to create a sense of tension and instability.

The Mixolydian scale is characterized by its flat seventh interval, which gives it a distinctive bluesy and melancholic sound.

The tonic chord is the primary chord built on the first degree of a modal scale and serves as the tonal center of the harmony.

The Lydian scale is characterized by its raised fourth and raised seventh intervals, which give it a bright and shimmering sound.

Embellishment is the process of adding additional notes or ornaments to a melody or chord progression to enhance its expressiveness and melodic interest.

The Dorian scale is characterized by its flat sixth interval, which gives it a dark and somber sound.

The plagal cadence, consisting of a progression from the dominant chord to the subdominant chord, is commonly used in modal harmony to create a sense of resolution and stability.

The Lydian scale is characterized by its raised second interval, which gives it a bright and cheerful sound.