Postmodern literature challenges the idea of a single, overarching narrative or truth, embracing multiple perspectives and interpretations.

Pastiche involves the deliberate imitation or blending of different genres, styles, or artistic conventions in a single work.

Samuel Beckett's works, such as 'Waiting for Godot' and 'Molloy,' exemplify the fragmented and disjointed narrative style often found in postmodern literature.

Metafiction involves the exploration of the nature of fiction itself, often through self-referential elements and commentary on the writing process.

William Faulkner's 'The Sound and the Fury' utilizes multiple narrators to present different perspectives on the same events, challenging the notion of a single, objective truth.

Intertextuality involves the deliberate use of references to other texts, works of art, or cultural artifacts, creating a network of connections between different works.

Don DeLillo's works, such as 'White Noise' and 'Underworld,' often feature unreliable narrators and fragmented narratives, challenging the reader's perception of reality.

Reflexivity involves the self-conscious exploration of the relationship between the text and its reader, often blurring the lines between fiction and reality.

Kurt Vonnegut's 'Slaughterhouse-Five' utilizes a non-linear narrative structure, jumping between different time periods and perspectives, challenging traditional notions of storytelling.

Parody involves the deliberate imitation and exaggeration of a particular style, genre, or work, often for humorous or satirical effect.

Thomas Pynchon's works, such as 'Gravity's Rainbow' and 'The Crying of Lot 49,' explore the relationship between language, reality, and identity, often challenging traditional notions of truth and meaning.

Disjunction involves the deliberate use of fragmented and discontinuous narrative elements, challenging traditional notions of linear storytelling and coherence.

George Orwell's '1984' utilizes multiple narrators and perspectives to tell the story of a totalitarian society, exploring themes of surveillance, control, and the manipulation of truth.

Indeterminacy involves the deliberate use of ambiguity and open-endedness, leaving the interpretation of the text up to the reader, challenging traditional notions of closure and resolution.

John Barth's works, such as 'The Sot-Weed Factor' and 'Lost in the Funhouse,' explore the relationship between art and reality, often blurring the lines between the two and challenging traditional notions of representation.