Adam Smith is widely regarded as the father of modern economics due to his influential work, 'The Wealth of Nations', published in 1776.

Classical Economics, associated with economists like Adam Smith and David Ricardo, emphasizes the role of individual self-interest and competition in driving economic growth.

Marxian Economics, developed by Karl Marx, argues that the value of a commodity is determined by the labor required to produce it, known as the labor theory of value.

Keynesian Economics, developed by John Maynard Keynes, emphasizes the role of government intervention, such as fiscal and monetary policies, to stimulate economic growth and stabilize the economy.

Monetarism, associated with economists like Milton Friedman, emphasizes the role of money supply in influencing economic activity and advocates for controlling the money supply to achieve economic stability.

Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of property and resources, profit motive, and market competition.

Socialism is an economic system characterized by public ownership of property and resources, central planning, and the absence of profit motive.

Communism is an economic system that aims to eliminate class distinctions and create a society where all property and resources are communally owned.

A mixed economy is an economic system that combines elements of both capitalism and socialism, allowing for private ownership and market competition alongside government intervention and social welfare programs.

Endogenous Growth Theory, developed by economists like Paul Romer and Robert Lucas, argues that economic growth is driven by technological innovation and the accumulation of knowledge, rather than solely relying on capital accumulation.

Behavioral Economics is an economic theory that emphasizes the importance of rational decision-making and individual choice in economic behavior, taking into account psychological and cognitive factors that influence economic choices.

Real Business Cycle Theory, developed by economists like Robert Lucas and Edward Prescott, argues that economic fluctuations are caused by changes in investment and consumption, rather than monetary or fiscal factors.

Institutional Economics, associated with economists like Thorstein Veblen and John R. Commons, emphasizes the importance of institutions and social norms in shaping economic behavior and outcomes.

The Solow Growth Model, developed by Robert Solow, argues that economic growth is driven by the accumulation of physical capital and technological progress, emphasizing the role of investment and innovation.

New Institutional Economics, associated with economists like Oliver Williamson and Douglass North, emphasizes the importance of market imperfections and information asymmetries in economic behavior and the role of institutions in reducing these inefficiencies.