Marketing costs are not typically considered a major component of transportation costs, as they are more related to promoting and selling transportation services rather than the direct costs of providing them.

Cost-based pricing aims to set prices that cover the total costs of providing transportation services, including fixed and variable costs, rather than focusing on maximizing revenue or other objectives.

Peak pricing involves charging higher prices during periods of high demand (e.g., rush hour) and lower prices during periods of low demand to manage traffic congestion and optimize resource utilization.

Congestion pricing aims to reduce traffic congestion by charging drivers a fee for using congested roads during peak periods, encouraging them to use alternative routes, modes of transportation, or travel at less congested times.

While value-of-time pricing can lead to increased revenue for transportation providers in some cases, its primary goal is to improve travel efficiency and reduce congestion, rather than solely maximizing revenue.

Congestion externality refers to the additional costs imposed on society as a whole due to traffic congestion, such as increased travel time, wasted fuel, and environmental pollution.

Distance-based pricing charges users of transportation infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges, tunnels) based on the distance they travel, typically using electronic toll collection systems.

Marginal cost pricing aims to set prices equal to the marginal cost of providing transportation services, which helps optimize resource allocation and efficiency in the transportation system.

Congestion pricing is primarily implemented to reduce traffic congestion and improve travel efficiency, rather than directly providing environmental benefits. While it may have indirect positive impacts on the environment, it is not typically considered a challenge associated with its implementation.

Subscription pricing involves charging a flat fee for unlimited use of a transportation service within a specific period, typically through a subscription model.

Value-of-time pricing typically aims to reduce traffic congestion and improve travel efficiency by charging higher prices during peak periods and lower prices during off-peak periods. While it may lead to more efficient use of transportation resources, it does not necessarily result in lower overall transportation costs for users.

Time-based pricing involves charging users of transportation infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges, tunnels) based on the time of day they use it, typically with higher prices during peak periods and lower prices during off-peak periods.

Distance-based pricing is primarily implemented to reduce traffic congestion and improve travel efficiency by charging users based on the distance they travel. It is not typically associated with reducing traffic congestion as a challenge.

Axle-based pricing involves charging users of transportation infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges, tunnels) based on the number of axles their vehicle has, typically with higher prices for vehicles with more axles.

Congestion pricing is primarily implemented to reduce traffic congestion and improve travel efficiency, rather than directly addressing the equitable distribution of transportation costs. While it may have indirect impacts on transportation affordability, it is not typically considered a primary benefit of congestion pricing.