Sampling is the process of converting an analog signal, such as an audio waveform, into a digital signal by measuring its amplitude at regular intervals.

Mixing is the process of adjusting the levels, panning, and effects of individual tracks in a multitrack recording to create a cohesive and balanced overall sound.

Denoising is the process of removing unwanted noise and artifacts from an audio recording, such as hiss, hum, or clicks.

Effects processing is the process of adding effects to an audio recording, such as reverb, delay, distortion, or chorus.

Mastering is the process of preparing an audio recording for distribution, including adjusting the overall level, EQ, and compression, and creating a master copy that can be used to create copies for distribution.

EQ (equalization) is the process of adjusting the frequency response of an audio signal to boost or cut specific frequencies.

Compression is the process of reducing the dynamic range of an audio signal by reducing the level of loud sounds and increasing the level of quiet sounds.

Panning is the process of adjusting the stereo position of an audio signal by sending it to the left or right channel, or a combination of both.

Reverb is the process of adding a sense of space and depth to an audio recording by simulating the natural reverberation of a room or other space.

Analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) is the process of converting an analog audio signal to a digital signal by measuring its amplitude at regular intervals and representing it as a series of binary numbers.

Digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) is the process of converting a digital audio signal to an analog signal by reconstructing the original waveform from the series of binary numbers.

Quantization is the process of reducing the bit depth of an audio signal by rounding the amplitude values to the nearest discrete level.

Dithering is the process of adding noise to an audio signal before quantization to reduce the effects of quantization error.

Normalization is the process of adjusting the overall level of an audio signal to a specified target level, typically 0 dBFS.

Mastering is the process of creating a master copy of an audio recording that can be used to create copies for distribution.