Cryogenic freezing uses liquid nitrogen or carbon dioxide to rapidly freeze food at temperatures below -150°C, preserving its quality and nutritional value.

Irradiation involves exposing food to ionizing radiation, such as gamma rays or electron beams, to kill bacteria and other microorganisms, extending its shelf life.

Dehydration removes moisture from food through various methods like drying, freeze-drying, or evaporation, preventing microbial growth and extending shelf life.

MAP involves modifying the composition of gases inside a food package to inhibit microbial growth and extend shelf life.

HPP subjects food to high pressure (typically 100-600 MPa) to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes, extending shelf life and preserving food quality.

Aseptic packaging involves sterilizing the food product and the packaging material separately before filling and sealing under sterile conditions, preventing contamination.

Edible coatings and films are applied to food surfaces to create a barrier against moisture loss, oxygen penetration, and microbial contamination.

Ultrafiltration uses a semipermeable membrane to separate microorganisms, proteins, and other large molecules from food, extending its shelf life.

PEF technology applies short, high-voltage pulses to food to disrupt microbial cell membranes, leading to inactivation.

Vacuum packaging removes oxygen from the food package, creating an anaerobic environment that inhibits the growth of aerobic microorganisms.

Antimicrobial peptides are naturally occurring or synthetic peptides that have antimicrobial activity against bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Hurdle technology combines multiple preservation methods, such as heat treatment, pH adjustment, and antimicrobial agents, to create a synergistic effect and extend shelf life.

Plant-based antimicrobial compounds, such as essential oils and extracts, have natural antimicrobial properties that can be used to preserve food.

Ohmic heating uses electrical resistance to generate heat within the food, resulting in rapid and uniform heating.

Bacteriophages are viruses that specifically infect and kill bacteria, making them potential agents for food preservation.