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Molecular Biology: A Challenge for the Biology Enthusiast

Description: Molecular biology is a branch of biology that studies the structure and function of molecules, particularly nucleic acids and proteins. It is a rapidly growing field that has led to many important discoveries in recent years, including the development of new drugs and treatments for diseases.
Number of Questions: 14
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Tags: molecular biology genetics biochemistry
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What is the basic unit of heredity?

  1. Gene

  2. Chromosome

  3. Nucleotide

  4. Protein

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A gene is a region of DNA that codes for a specific protein. Proteins are the building blocks of cells and are responsible for a wide range of functions, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

What is the structure of DNA?

  1. Double helix

  2. Single helix

  3. Triple helix

  4. Quadruple helix

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

DNA is a double helix, meaning that it consists of two strands of nucleotides that are twisted around each other. The nucleotides in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

What is the function of RNA?

  1. To carry genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

  2. To help ribosomes make proteins

  3. To regulate gene expression

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

RNA is a single-stranded molecule that is similar to DNA. It is involved in a number of cellular processes, including carrying genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, helping ribosomes make proteins, and regulating gene expression.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

  1. DNA makes RNA makes protein

  2. RNA makes DNA makes protein

  3. Protein makes DNA makes RNA

  4. DNA makes protein makes RNA

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The central dogma of molecular biology states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. This process is essential for the production of new proteins in cells.

What is a mutation?

  1. A change in the DNA sequence

  2. A change in the RNA sequence

  3. A change in the protein sequence

  4. All of the above

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence. Mutations can be caused by a variety of factors, including exposure to radiation, chemicals, and errors during DNA replication.

What is the difference between a gene and an allele?

  1. A gene is a region of DNA that codes for a specific protein, while an allele is a different form of that gene.

  2. A gene is a single nucleotide, while an allele is a group of nucleotides.

  3. A gene is a protein, while an allele is a different form of that protein.

  4. A gene is a chromosome, while an allele is a different form of that chromosome.

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A gene is a region of DNA that codes for a specific protein. An allele is a different form of that gene. Alleles can be inherited from either parent.

What is genetic engineering?

  1. The process of modifying the genetic material of an organism

  2. The process of creating new organisms from scratch

  3. The process of studying the genetic material of organisms

  4. The process of treating genetic diseases

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Genetic engineering is the process of modifying the genetic material of an organism. This can be done by inserting, deleting, or changing genes.

What is the Human Genome Project?

  1. A project to sequence the entire human genome

  2. A project to study the genetic variation in the human population

  3. A project to develop new drugs and treatments for genetic diseases

  4. A project to create new organisms from scratch

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

The Human Genome Project was a project to sequence the entire human genome. It was completed in 2003 and has led to a number of important discoveries, including the identification of genes that are associated with diseases.

What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?

  1. Prokaryotes have a nucleus, while eukaryotes do not.

  2. Prokaryotes have a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not.

  3. Prokaryotes have DNA, while eukaryotes do not.

  4. Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes.

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Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotes are more complex organisms that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

What is the function of a ribosome?

  1. To make proteins

  2. To transcribe DNA into RNA

  3. To regulate gene expression

  4. To package DNA into chromosomes

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Ribosomes are cellular structures that make proteins. They are composed of RNA and protein and are found in all living cells.

What is the function of a chromosome?

  1. To package DNA into a compact form

  2. To regulate gene expression

  3. To help DNA replicate

  4. All of the above

Show answer
Correct Option: D
Explanation:

Chromosomes are structures that package DNA into a compact form. They also help DNA replicate and regulate gene expression.

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

  1. Mitosis produces two identical daughter cells, while meiosis produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other.

  2. Mitosis produces four daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other, while meiosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically different from each other.

  3. Mitosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically different from each other, while meiosis produces four daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other.

  4. Mitosis produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other, while meiosis produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

Mitosis is a type of cell division that produces two identical daughter cells. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four daughter cells that are genetically different from each other.

What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive allele?

  1. A dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype of an organism, while a recessive allele is not.

  2. A dominant allele is not expressed in the phenotype of an organism, while a recessive allele is.

  3. A dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype of an organism only when it is homozygous, while a recessive allele is expressed in the phenotype of an organism only when it is heterozygous.

  4. A dominant allele is expressed in the phenotype of an organism only when it is heterozygous, while a recessive allele is expressed in the phenotype of an organism only when it is homozygous.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A dominant allele is an allele that is expressed in the phenotype of an organism, even if it is heterozygous. A recessive allele is an allele that is only expressed in the phenotype of an organism if it is homozygous.

What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype?

  1. A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while a phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism.

  2. A genotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while a phenotype is the genetic makeup of an organism.

  3. A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, while a phenotype is the genetic makeup of an organism's parents.

  4. A genotype is the observable characteristics of an organism, while a phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism's parents.

Show answer
Correct Option: A
Explanation:

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism. A phenotype is the observable characteristics of an organism.

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