Refining is the process of removing impurities from a metal by subjecting it to heat and chemical reactions.

Hydrometallurgy is not a common method for extracting metals from their ores, as it involves the use of aqueous solutions to dissolve and extract the metal ions.

Roasting is the process of heating an ore in the presence of air to remove volatile impurities and convert the metal into an oxide.

Aluminum is commonly extracted using the electrolysis process, which involves passing an electric current through a molten electrolyte containing aluminum ions.

Calcination is the process of heating an ore in the absence of air to remove volatile impurities, such as water and carbon dioxide.

Silicate ores are not as common as oxide, sulfide, and carbonate ores for extracting metals, as they are more difficult to process and require specialized techniques.

Hydrometallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores by reacting them with a chemical reagent in an aqueous solution.

Iron is commonly extracted using the pyrometallurgy process, which involves heating the ore in the presence of a reducing agent to produce molten iron.

Gravity separation is the process of separating a metal from its impurities by melting the metal and allowing the impurities to settle to the bottom due to their higher density.

Amalgamation is not as common as smelting, electrolysis, and hydrometallurgy for extracting metals, as it is primarily used for extracting precious metals like gold and silver.

Hydrometallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores by dissolving them in a solvent and then recovering the metal from the solution.

Copper is commonly extracted using the flotation process, which involves separating the copper minerals from the waste rock by their different surface properties.

Electrolysis is the process of removing impurities from a metal by passing an electric current through the molten metal, causing the impurities to migrate to the anode.

Induction furnaces are not as common as blast furnaces, electric arc furnaces, and reverberatory furnaces for metal extraction, as they are primarily used for melting and refining metals rather than extracting them from ores.

Pyrometallurgy is the process of extracting metals from their ores by heating them with a reducing agent to produce a molten metal.