Modernism was a literary movement that emerged in the early 20th century, characterized by a rejection of traditional forms and values, and an emphasis on experimentation and innovation.

T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, and Ezra Pound are all considered pioneers of modernist literature.

Ulysses by James Joyce is known for its stream-of-consciousness narrative technique, which attempts to capture the flow of thoughts and impressions of a character's mind.

The Waste Land by T.S. Eliot is considered one of the most influential works of the 20th century, known for its fragmented structure, multiple allusions, and exploration of themes of alienation and despair.

New Criticism is a critical approach that focuses on the formal elements of a literary work, such as structure, language, and imagery, rather than on its historical or biographical context.

T.S. Eliot, I.A. Richards, William Empson, and Cleanth Brooks are all considered founders of the New Criticism movement.

Reader-Response Criticism emphasizes the importance of the reader's response in interpreting a literary work, arguing that the meaning of a text is created through the interaction between the text and the reader.

Stanley Fish, Wolfgang Iser, Hans-Robert Jauss, and Norman Holland are all considered pioneers of Reader-Response Criticism.

Structuralism focuses on the underlying structures and patterns in a literary work, arguing that these structures determine the meaning of the text.

Ferdinand de Saussure is considered one of the founders of the Structuralism movement, with his work on language and semiology.

Deconstruction focuses on the deconstruction of a text's meaning, revealing its underlying contradictions and instabilities, arguing that there is no single, fixed meaning to a text.

Jacques Derrida is considered one of the pioneers of Deconstruction, with his work on différance and the deconstruction of binary oppositions.

The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is known for its use of multiple perspectives and fragmented narrative structure, which contribute to its exploration of themes of wealth, class, and the American Dream.

Ulysses by James Joyce is known for its experimental use of language and stream-of-consciousness narrative technique, which contribute to its exploration of themes of identity, memory, and the modern urban experience.

To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf is known for its exploration of the inner lives of its characters and its use of poetic language, which contribute to its exploration of themes of time, loss, and the nature of human relationships.