Genetic diversity refers to the variation in the genetic makeup of a population. It is the result of mutations, genetic recombination, and gene flow.

Genetic diversity is generally associated with increased resistance to pests and diseases, increased adaptability to changing environmental conditions, and increased productivity. Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases is not a benefit of genetic diversity.

Gene transfer is the process by which genetic material is transferred from one organism to another. It can occur naturally through processes such as sexual reproduction and viral infection, or it can be induced artificially through techniques such as genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technology.

Restriction enzyme digestion, DNA ligation, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are all techniques used in genetic engineering. Southern blotting is a technique used in molecular biology to detect specific DNA sequences in a DNA sample.

A transgenic organism is an organism that has been genetically modified to contain genes from another organism. This can be done through techniques such as gene transfer and genetic engineering.

Allergenicity, antibiotic resistance, and gene transfer to wild populations are all potential risks of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases is not a potential risk of GMOs.

Stem cell differentiation is the process by which stem cells are differentiated into specific cell types. This process is essential for the development of tissues and organs.

Embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are all types of stem cells. Cancer stem cells are not stem cells in the traditional sense, but they are a type of cell that is thought to be responsible for the initiation and progression of cancer.

Mitosis is the process by which a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth and development of organisms.

Prophase, metaphase, and anaphase are all phases of mitosis. Telophase is a phase of meiosis, not mitosis.

Meiosis is the process by which a cell divides into four haploid daughter cells. This process is essential for sexual reproduction.

Prophase I, metaphase I, and anaphase I are all phases of meiosis. Telophase I is a phase of mitosis, not meiosis.

Replication is the process by which DNA is copied. This process is essential for the growth and development of organisms.

Conservative replication, semiconservative replication, and rolling circle replication are all types of DNA replication. Dispersive replication is not a type of DNA replication.

Transcription is the process by which DNA is transcribed into RNA. This process is essential for the production of proteins.