Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that focuses on maximizing overall happiness or well-being. It evaluates actions based on their consequences and aims to produce the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

Deontological theories, such as Kantian ethics, emphasize the importance of following moral rules or principles regardless of the consequences. These theories focus on the inherent rightness or wrongness of actions based on their adherence to moral principles.

Virtue ethics, as proposed by Aristotle, emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits, such as honesty, courage, and justice. It views ethical decision-making as a matter of acting in accordance with these virtues.

The Golden Rule is an ethical principle that emphasizes reciprocity and treating others the way one wants to be treated. It is often used as a guide for ethical decision-making in various cultures and religions.

The principle of non-maleficence, also known as the 'do no harm' principle, emphasizes the importance of avoiding harm or causing harm to others. It is a fundamental principle in medical ethics and various ethical frameworks.

Existentialism, as proposed by philosophers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Albert Camus, emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and choice. It encourages individuals to act in accordance with their own values and beliefs, taking responsibility for their actions.

The veil of ignorance is a thought experiment used in ethical decision-making to ensure fairness and impartiality. It involves imagining making decisions without knowing one's own personal circumstances or interests, thereby promoting more just and equitable outcomes.

The principle of autonomy emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals' right to make their own choices and decisions. It recognizes the value of individual freedom and self-determination in ethical decision-making.

The trolley problem is a thought experiment that presents a moral dilemma involving a runaway trolley and the choice between saving a group of people or a single person. It is used to explore the nature of moral dilemmas, the limits of ethical theories, and the role of intuition and reason in decision-making.

The principle of justice emphasizes the importance of distributing benefits and burdens fairly among individuals. It seeks to ensure that everyone has equal opportunities and access to resources, and that the benefits and burdens of society are shared equitably.

The slippery slope argument is a logical fallacy that warns against taking small steps towards a larger, undesirable outcome. It suggests that once a certain action or decision is taken, it will inevitably lead to a series of subsequent actions or decisions that result in an undesirable outcome.

Rationalism is an ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of acting in accordance with reason and logic. It views reason as the primary source of moral knowledge and believes that ethical decisions should be based on rational principles and arguments.

The principle of beneficence emphasizes the importance of doing good and providing benefits to others. It encourages individuals to act in ways that promote the well-being and happiness of others, and to avoid causing harm or suffering.

Virtue Ethics emphasizes the importance of developing a strong moral character and acting in accordance with virtues. It views ethical decision-making as a matter of acting in accordance with virtues such as honesty, courage, and justice, rather than solely focusing on consequences or rules.