René Descartes, a French philosopher and mathematician, is often considered the father of modern philosophy. He is known for his famous quote, "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am), which laid the foundation for modern rationalism.

John Locke, an English philosopher, is known for his theory of social contract. He argued that individuals have natural rights, including the rights to life, liberty, and property, and that governments are formed through the consent of the governed.

The Encyclopédie, edited by Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, was a massive encyclopedia that aimed to compile all human knowledge. It was a major intellectual achievement of the Enlightenment and helped spread Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe.

Voltaire, a French philosopher and writer, was a vocal critic of the established church and social institutions. He was known for his wit and satire, and his writings played a significant role in shaping Enlightenment thought.

Montesquieu, a French political philosopher, advocated for the separation of powers in government. He believed that dividing power among different branches of government would prevent tyranny and promote liberty.

The Declaration of Independence, written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, was a pivotal document that declared the American colonies' independence from British rule. It outlined the fundamental principles of liberty and equality that shaped the American Revolution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher and writer, believed in the inherent goodness of human nature and emphasized the importance of education in shaping individuals and society.

Thomas More, an English philosopher and statesman, wrote "Utopia," a book that described a fictional island society based on reason, equality, and communal ownership.

The Scientific Revolution was a period of significant scientific advancements that challenged traditional beliefs and led to new discoveries in various fields, including physics, astronomy, and biology.

Isaac Newton, an English mathematician and physicist, made significant contributions to optics and developed the theory of universal gravitation, which revolutionized our understanding of the universe.

John Locke, an English philosopher, argued for religious tolerance and the separation of church and state. He believed that individuals should have the freedom to practice their religion without interference from the government.

George Washington was the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He was a key figure in the American Revolution and is considered one of the most influential figures in American history.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a French philosopher and writer, is known for his social contract theory, which emphasizes the importance of individual freedom and equality. He also critiqued private property and argued for a more egalitarian society.

Mary Wollstonecraft, an English philosopher and writer, was a prominent advocate for the abolition of slavery and the rights of women. Her book "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman" argued for the equality of women and their right to education and participation in public life.

The Jacobins, led by Maximilien Robespierre, were a radical political faction during the French Revolution. They advocated for social and economic equality and played a significant role in shaping the course of the revolution.