Photorealism in game graphics aims to achieve a level of visual fidelity that closely resembles real-world visuals, thereby enhancing the realism and immersion of the gaming experience.

Photorealistic game graphics require a combination of techniques, including 3D modeling to create detailed models, texturing to apply realistic materials and surfaces, lighting to simulate real-world lighting conditions, and rendering to generate the final images.

3D modeling involves creating detailed and realistic models of game characters, objects, and environments. These models serve as the foundation for applying textures, lighting, and rendering to achieve photorealism.

Texturing involves applying realistic materials and surfaces to 3D models, such as wood, metal, fabric, and skin. This helps to create a sense of realism and detail in the game visuals.

Photorealistic game graphics often employ a combination of lighting techniques, including ray tracing for realistic shadows and reflections, global illumination for accurate lighting distribution, and ambient occlusion for subtle shading and depth.

Rendering is the process of generating the final images from 3D models, textures, and lighting. It involves calculating the interaction of light with objects in the scene and producing the final visuals.

Achieving photorealism in game graphics presents several challenges, including creating highly detailed and realistic 3D models, applying realistic textures and materials, optimizing the models and textures for real-time rendering, and ensuring that the final visuals run smoothly on various hardware configurations.

Optimizing game graphics for real-time rendering involves techniques such as LOD (Level of Detail) to adjust the detail level of objects based on their distance from the camera, texture streaming to load textures on-demand, and culling to remove objects that are not visible to the player.

Post-processing effects are often applied to enhance the visuals in photorealistic game graphics. These effects may include color grading to adjust the overall color palette, motion blur to simulate camera movement, and depth of field to focus on specific objects while blurring the background.

Photogrammetry is the technique of using real-world photographs or scans to create realistic textures for game objects. This involves capturing high-resolution images of real-world objects and converting them into digital textures.

Motion capture is a common technique used to create realistic facial animations in photorealistic game characters. It involves recording the facial movements of real actors using specialized equipment and transferring the data to the game characters.

Subsurface scattering is a technique used to simulate the scattering of light beneath a surface, resulting in a more realistic appearance. This is particularly important for materials like skin, which allows light to penetrate and scatter within the material.

Achieving photorealism in real-time game graphics presents several challenges, including balancing visual quality with performance, creating highly detailed and realistic 3D models, applying realistic textures and materials to the models, and optimizing the graphics for real-time rendering.

Gigapixel photography is the technique of using multiple cameras to capture a scene from different angles and then stitching the images together to create a high-resolution panorama. This is often used to create highly detailed textures for game environments.

Creating realistic water effects in photorealistic game graphics often involves a combination of techniques such as normal mapping to simulate the surface details, reflection mapping to reflect the surrounding environment, and refraction mapping to simulate the bending of light as it passes through the water.