A scale is a fundamental element in music theory, consisting of a series of notes arranged in ascending or descending order, based on a specific pattern of whole and half steps.

The primary distinction between a major scale and a minor scale lies in the arrangement of whole and half steps within the scale. Major scales follow a pattern of whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half, while minor scales typically follow a pattern of whole-half-whole-whole-half-whole-whole.

A mode is a variation of a scale that retains the same tonic (starting note) but alters the arrangement of whole and half steps. Common modes include the Ionian mode (major scale), Aeolian mode (natural minor scale), Dorian mode, Phrygian mode, Lydian mode, Mixolydian mode, and Locrian mode.

A major scale typically consists of seven notes, including the tonic (starting note), two whole steps, two half steps, and two more whole steps.

In a major scale, the interval between the tonic and the leading tone (the seventh note) is a half step.

In a minor scale, the interval between the tonic and the mediant (the third note) is a minor third.

The Phrygian mode is often associated with a 'Spanish' or 'Moorish' sound due to its characteristic flat second interval, which creates a distinctive and expressive quality.

The Mixolydian mode is frequently employed in blues music, contributing to its characteristic 'bluesy' sound. It features a major scale with a flatted seventh interval.

The Locrian mode is known for its distinctive sound, often described as mysterious, dark, or exotic. It is the only mode that contains a diminished fifth interval.

The Dorian mode is commonly found in traditional Irish music, contributing to its unique and expressive sound. It features a major scale with a flatted third interval.

The altered scale, also known as the super locrian scale, is frequently used in jazz music. It is a variation of the Locrian mode with altered intervals, resulting in a distinctive and dissonant sound.

The Lydian mode is commonly employed in classical music to evoke a sense of grandeur or majesty. It features a major scale with an augmented fourth interval.

Bhairav thaat is a prominent mode in traditional Indian music, characterized by its unique melodic structure and emotional depth. It is one of the ten thaats (parent scales) in Hindustani classical music.

The Yo scale is a significant mode in traditional Japanese music, particularly in the shamisen (three-stringed lute) and koto (zither) instruments. It is characterized by its distinctive melodic patterns and expressive qualities.

The Gong mode is a fundamental mode in traditional Chinese music, commonly used in various genres such as Peking opera and folk music. It is characterized by its unique melodic structure and emotional expressiveness.