Realism, as a literary movement, gained prominence in the Victorian era, focusing on depicting everyday life and social issues with accuracy and detail.

The Industrial Revolution led to the growth of cities and the rise of the working class, which became prominent themes in Victorian literature.

Charles Dickens, through his novels such as 'Oliver Twist' and 'Great Expectations,' satirized the social inequalities and injustices prevalent in Victorian society.

A combination of factors, including increased literacy, technological advancements, and the popularity of serialized fiction, contributed to the rise of the novel in the Victorian era.

Alfred, Lord Tennyson, in poems like 'In Memoriam' and 'Ulysses,' delved into existential questions and employed symbolism to convey deeper meanings.

The 'New Woman' represented a shift in societal attitudes towards women, encompassing changes in gender roles, education, and employment opportunities.

Charles Dickens' 'Great Expectations' delves into the complexities of social class and the challenges faced by individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds.

The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood drew inspiration from medieval art and literature, aiming to recapture the simplicity and beauty of earlier artistic traditions.

Virginia Woolf, in novels like 'Mrs. Dalloway' and 'To the Lighthouse,' experimented with stream-of-consciousness narrative and delved into the complexities of the human psyche.

The Gothic Revival movement drew inspiration from medieval Gothic architecture, characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and an overall sense of grandeur.

John Henry Newman, a prominent theologian and writer, explored religious themes and employed allegory in his works, such as 'Apologia Pro Vita Sua.'

The 'art for art's sake' movement sought to liberate art from didactic and moralistic purposes, emphasizing the intrinsic value and beauty of artistic creation.

Thomas Hardy, in novels like 'Tess of the d'Urbervilles' and 'Jude the Obscure,' explored the intricate relationship between nature and human existence.

The 'double' or 'doppelgänger' in Victorian literature often represents a complex interplay of the protagonist's inner conflicts, fears, and connections to the supernatural.

Charles Dickens, through novels like 'Oliver Twist' and 'Hard Times,' vividly portrayed the harsh realities of urban life and the struggles of the working class.