Sewage discharge from households and commercial establishments is a major source of water pollution in urban areas, contributing to high levels of organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens in water bodies.

Excessive fertilizer application in agricultural areas can lead to nutrient runoff, causing eutrophication and algal blooms in water bodies, which can deplete oxygen levels and harm aquatic life.

Industrial activities often release heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and cadmium, into water bodies. These metals can accumulate in aquatic organisms and pose health risks to humans and wildlife.

Sewage pollution occurs when untreated or partially treated sewage is discharged into water bodies, leading to high levels of organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens, which can cause health hazards and ecological imbalances.

Eutrophication is the process by which excess nutrients, primarily nitrogen and phosphorus, enter water bodies, leading to excessive growth of algae and other aquatic plants. This can result in oxygen depletion, fish kills, and a decline in water quality.

Particulate matter, consisting of fine particles and aerosols, is a major air pollutant that can also contaminate water bodies. Inhalation of particulate matter can cause respiratory problems, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues.

Bioremediation is the process of using microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi, to break down and remove pollutants from water and soil. This natural process helps to restore the quality of contaminated water bodies.

Reverse osmosis is a water treatment process that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove impurities, including salts, minerals, and contaminants, from water. This process produces clean and purified water.

Synthetic fabrics, such as polyester and nylon, shed microplastic fibers during washing, which can enter water bodies through wastewater. These microplastics can accumulate in aquatic organisms and pose ecological and health risks.

Mercury is a highly toxic metal that can accumulate in aquatic organisms and pose health risks to humans and wildlife. Exposure to mercury, particularly in the form of methylmercury, can cause neurological disorders, developmental issues, and other health problems.

Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove pollutants from water and soil. Plants can absorb and accumulate contaminants from the environment, helping to clean up contaminated sites.

Coagulation and flocculation are water treatment processes that involve adding chemicals to water to cause impurities to clump together. This process makes it easier to remove the impurities through subsequent filtration and sedimentation.

Oil spills from tankers, offshore drilling platforms, and other sources are a major cause of oil pollution in marine environments. These spills can have devastating effects on marine life and coastal ecosystems.

Chlorine is a commonly used disinfectant in water treatment, but it can also cause skin irritation, eye problems, and respiratory issues in some individuals. Proper control of chlorine levels is necessary to ensure safe drinking water.

Activated carbon adsorption is a water treatment process that uses activated carbon to remove pollutants from water. Activated carbon is a highly porous material that can adsorb a wide range of contaminants, including organic compounds, heavy metals, and pesticides.