Herbert Spencer coined the phrase "survival of the fittest" in his 1864 book "Principles of Biology".

Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection states that organisms with traits that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction are more likely to pass those traits on to their offspring, leading to the evolution of new species.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms become better suited to their environment over time. This can occur through natural selection, which favors organisms with traits that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction.

Evolution is the gradual change in the genetic composition of a population over time. This can occur through natural selection, which favors organisms with traits that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction.

Fitness is the measure of an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Organisms with higher fitness are more likely to pass on their genes to the next generation.

Natural selection is the process by which organisms with favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. This can lead to the evolution of new species.

Adaptation is the process by which organisms change their behavior or physiology in response to their environment. This can help them to survive and reproduce more successfully.

Evolution is the process by which new species are formed. This can occur through natural selection, which favors organisms with traits that are beneficial to their survival and reproduction.

Convergence is the process by which organisms become more similar to each other over time. This can occur when organisms evolve similar traits in response to similar environmental pressures.

Divergence is the process by which organisms become more different from each other over time. This can occur when organisms evolve different traits in response to different environmental pressures.

Paleontology is the study of the history of life on Earth. This includes the study of fossils, which are the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the past.

Ecology is the study of the relationship between humans and their environment. This includes the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their physical environment.

Bioethics is the study of the ethical implications of scientific research and technology. This includes the study of issues such as the use of stem cells, genetic engineering, and cloning.

Science and religion is the study of the relationship between science and religion. This includes the study of how science and religion can inform each other, and how they can be used to address important questions about the world.

Science and society is the study of the relationship between science and society. This includes the study of how science can be used to address social problems, and how society can influence the development of science.