CTMs are used to simulate the movement and chemical reactions of air pollutants as they are transported through the atmosphere.

CTMs typically do not directly account for human activities, such as traffic or industrial emissions, as these are usually represented by emission inventories.

CTMs require meteorological data to accurately simulate the transport and dispersion of air pollutants.

CTMs face challenges due to the complexity of atmospheric chemistry, the computational cost of running the models, and the uncertainty in emission inventories.

CTMs can be used to support air quality management by identifying pollution hotspots, evaluating control measures, and developing regulations.

Nuclear reactions are not typically considered in CTMs, as they are not relevant to atmospheric chemistry.

Deposition refers to the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere through processes such as dry deposition and wet deposition.

Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, but it is not typically included in CTMs, as it is not a criteria air pollutant.

Transformation refers to the chemical reactions that convert one pollutant into another in the atmosphere.

Biogenic source inventories are not typically used in CTMs, as they are not relevant to air pollution from human activities.

Emission refers to the release of pollutants into the atmosphere from sources such as vehicles, factories, and power plants.

Solar radiation is not typically used in CTMs, as it is not directly related to the transport and dispersion of air pollutants.

Transport refers to the movement of pollutants through the atmosphere due to wind and other meteorological factors.

Nuclear reactions are not typically considered in CTMs, as they are not relevant to atmospheric chemistry.

Deposition refers to the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere through processes such as dry deposition and wet deposition.