Natural selection occurs when organisms compete for limited resources, such as food, water, and mates. Those organisms with traits that are better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

Adaptation refers to the process by which organisms acquire traits that make them better suited to their environment. These traits can be physical, behavioral, or physiological.

Camouflage, migration, and hibernation are all examples of adaptations that help organisms survive in their environment. Camouflage helps organisms blend in with their surroundings, making them less likely to be preyed upon. Migration allows organisms to move to areas with more favorable conditions, such as food or climate. Hibernation allows organisms to survive periods of extreme cold or lack of food.

Differential reproduction refers to the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring.

Mimicry is a behavioral adaptation in which an organism imitates another organism to gain an advantage. For example, some species of butterflies mimic the appearance of wasps to deter predators.

De-adaptation refers to the process by which organisms become less well-suited to their environment over time. This can occur when the environment changes or when organisms lose advantageous traits due to genetic drift or other factors.

An increased metabolic rate is a physiological adaptation that helps organisms generate more energy to meet the demands of their environment. For example, some animals have a higher metabolic rate during periods of high activity.

Assortative mating refers to the process by which organisms with similar traits tend to mate with each other. This can lead to the accumulation of advantageous traits in a population.

Mutualism is a coevolutionary adaptation in which two species benefit from their interaction. For example, some plants and animals have a mutualistic relationship in which the plant provides food for the animal, and the animal helps to disperse the plant's seeds.

Adaptive radiation refers to the process by which organisms evolve to fill different niches in an ecosystem. This can occur when a new environment becomes available or when a population of organisms experiences a rapid increase in size.

Predator-prey interactions are an example of an evolutionary arms race, in which predators and prey evolve adaptations to gain an advantage over each other. For example, predators may evolve faster running speeds or sharper claws, while prey may evolve camouflage or defensive behaviors.

Convergent evolution refers to the process by which organisms evolve to become more similar to each other, even though they may not be closely related. This can occur when organisms face similar environmental pressures.

The wings of birds and bats are an example of convergent evolution. Although birds and bats are not closely related, they have both evolved wings to enable them to fly.

Divergent evolution refers to the process by which organisms evolve to become more specialized in their adaptations. This can occur when populations of organisms become isolated from each other and experience different environmental pressures.

The different species of Darwin's finches are an example of divergent evolution. These finches have evolved different beak shapes to adapt to different food sources on the Galapagos Islands.