In urban areas, air pollution is primarily caused by a combination of industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and power plants.

Smog is primarily caused by the reaction between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the presence of sunlight, resulting in the formation of ozone.

Long-term exposure to air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of asthma, COPD, lung cancer, and other respiratory issues.

Deposition refers to the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere and deposited onto surfaces such as the ground, vegetation, or water bodies.

Acid rain is primarily caused by the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into the atmosphere, which react with water vapor to form sulfuric acid and nitric acid.

Transformation refers to the process by which air pollutants undergo chemical reactions in the atmosphere, converting them into less harmful substances.

Primary air pollutants are emitted directly into the atmosphere from sources such as industrial processes, combustion engines, and construction activities. Particulate matter is an example of a primary air pollutant.

Advection refers to the process by which air pollutants are transported over long distances by the movement of air masses.

Secondary air pollutants are formed in the atmosphere through chemical reactions between primary air pollutants. Ozone is an example of a secondary air pollutant, formed by the reaction between nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Dispersion refers to the process by which air pollutants are mixed and diluted in the atmosphere, reducing their concentration.

Sulfur dioxide is a common air pollutant that can cause eye irritation, coughing, and other respiratory problems.

Uptake refers to the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere by plants and other organisms through absorption or adsorption.

Using catalytic converters, promoting public transportation, and encouraging carpooling are all measures to reduce air pollution from vehicles.

Precipitation refers to the process by which air pollutants are removed from the atmosphere by rain or snow.

Using scrubbers and filters, promoting energy efficiency, and switching to renewable energy sources are all measures to reduce air pollution from industrial emissions.