Ozone is a highly reactive gas that can penetrate the skin and generate free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation.

Air pollutants can react with lipids, proteins, and DNA in the skin, leading to the formation of harmful compounds and disruption of skin barrier function.

Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that can be triggered or worsened by exposure to air pollution.

PAHs are a group of chemicals found in air pollution that have been linked to an increased risk of skin cancer, particularly squamous cell carcinoma.

The skin's antioxidant defense system helps to neutralize free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can damage skin cells and contribute to premature aging and skin conditions.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps to neutralize free radicals and protect the skin from environmental damage, including air pollution.

Percutaneous absorption refers to the process by which chemicals in air pollution can pass through the skin and enter the bloodstream, potentially leading to systemic effects.

Sensitive skin is more prone to irritation and inflammation, making it more susceptible to the effects of air pollution.

The skin barrier acts as a protective layer that helps to prevent harmful substances, including air pollutants, from entering the body.

Sulfur dioxide can react with water on the skin's surface, forming sulfuric acid, which can cause skin dryness, irritation, and inflammation.

Pollution-induced aging refers to the premature aging of the skin caused by exposure to air pollution, characterized by wrinkles, fine lines, and loss of elasticity.

Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant that helps to neutralize free radicals and protect the skin from environmental damage, including air pollution.

Air pollution can generate free radicals that cause oxidative stress in the skin, leading to DNA damage and an increased risk of skin cancer.

PAHs can accumulate on the skin's surface and interact with melanin, leading to skin discoloration and hyperpigmentation.

Wearing protective clothing, such as long sleeves and pants, can help to create a physical barrier between the skin and air pollutants.