Particulate matter, especially fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10), can penetrate deep into the lungs and induce inflammation, leading to various respiratory issues.

Air pollution can disrupt the normal functioning of immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, affecting their ability to recognize and respond to pathogens.

Macrophages, which play a crucial role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation, are highly susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution.

Air pollution can stimulate the production of IgE antibodies, which are associated with allergic reactions, leading to increased susceptibility to asthma and other allergic conditions.

Exposure to nitrogen dioxide, a common air pollutant, has been associated with an elevated risk of developing autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Air pollution can impair the function of natural killer cells, which play a critical role in the body's defense against viral infections.

Air pollution generally impairs the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections and diseases. It does not enhance vaccine efficacy.

Translocation refers to the movement of air pollutants from the lungs into the bloodstream, allowing them to reach and affect distant organs.

Exposure to particulate matter, particularly fine particles, has been associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Air pollution generally disrupts the normal functioning of the immune system, but it does not lead to the generation of new immune cells.

Ozone is a highly reactive gas that can induce oxidative stress in the lungs, leading to inflammation and tissue damage.

Air pollution can disrupt the normal development and maturation of immune cells in children, affecting their ability to respond effectively to infections and other challenges.

Exposure to particulate matter, especially fine particles, has been linked to an elevated risk of developing lung cancer.

Air pollution has been associated with the emergence of new immune disorders, such as environmental hypersensitivity syndrome, which is characterized by a range of symptoms triggered by exposure to environmental pollutants.

While increasing the intake of antioxidants can provide general health benefits, it is not a specific strategy to mitigate the effects of air pollution on the immune system.