Structuralists argue that social structures, such as institutions, norms, and values, are external to individuals and that they constrain and shape individual action.

Social structure is a key concept in structuralism, as it refers to the external social forces that shape individual behavior and society.

Social institutions play a variety of roles in structuralism, including providing individuals with a sense of identity and belonging, regulating and controlling individual behavior, and transmitting cultural values and norms.

Norms and values shape individual behavior in a variety of ways, including providing individuals with a sense of right and wrong, regulating and controlling individual behavior, and providing individuals with a sense of identity and belonging.

Structuralists argue that social structure and social change are mutually constitutive, meaning that they influence and shape each other.

Émile Durkheim is a prominent structuralist sociologist who is known for his work on social solidarity, social anomie, and the division of labor.

Durkheim's concept of social solidarity refers to the degree to which individuals in a society share common values and beliefs, are interdependent on each other, and are integrated into social groups.

Durkheim's concept of social anomie refers to a state of normlessness and deregulation in society, social disorganization and chaos, and moral decline and decay.

Durkheim's concept of the division of labor refers to the specialization of tasks and roles in a society, which he argued leads to greater social solidarity and efficiency.

Class struggle, economic base, and ideological superstructure are all key concepts in Marx's theory of social structure.

Marx's concept of class struggle refers to the conflict between different social classes over economic resources, political power, and cultural values.

Marx's concept of the economic base refers to the material conditions of production in a society, such as the means of production and the relations of production.

Marx's concept of the ideological superstructure refers to the cultural values and norms, the political institutions, and the educational system in a society.

Social action, social stratification, and social power are all key concepts in Weber's theory of social structure.

Weber's concept of social action refers to human behavior that is oriented towards others, motivated by values and beliefs, and rational and goal-oriented.

Weber's concept of social stratification refers to the division of society into different social classes, which he argued is based on economic resources, social status, and political power.

Weber's concept of social power refers to the ability to influence the behavior of others, control the resources of others, and impose one's will on others.