An appoggiatura is a non-harmonic note that is added before or after a main note, creating a brief embellishment.

A trill is a melodic variation where two adjacent notes are rapidly alternated, creating a vibrato-like effect.

Portamento is a melodic variation technique where a note is played slightly higher or lower than its written pitch, creating a smooth transition between notes.

Glissando is a melodic variation technique where a musician slides smoothly from one note to another, creating a continuous melodic line.

Retrograde is a melodic variation technique where a melody is played backwards, creating a new melodic line.

Sequence is a melodic variation technique where a melodic pattern is repeated at a different pitch level, creating a sense of progression.

Canon is a melodic variation technique where two or more voices imitate each other at different pitch levels, creating a harmonious effect.

Fugue is a melodic variation technique where two or more melodies are combined into a single composition, creating a complex and intricate musical texture.

Syncopation is a melodic variation technique where the rhythm of a melody is altered, creating unexpected accents and rhythmic interest.

Staccato is a melodic variation technique where notes are played with a detached articulation, creating a crisp and separated sound.

Crescendo is a melodic variation technique where the volume of a melody gradually increases, creating a sense of intensity and drama.

Trill is a melodic variation technique where a note is rapidly alternated with the note above it, creating a vibrato-like effect.

Reharmonization is a melodic variation technique where the chords that accompany a melody are changed, creating a new harmonic context.

Orchestration is a melodic variation technique where the instruments that play a melody are changed, creating a new sonic texture.

Fusion is a melodic variation technique where elements from different musical styles or genres are combined to create a new and unique sound.