Atonal harmony is characterized by the absence of a tonal center, which is the central pitch or chord that provides stability and resolution in traditional tonal music.

Arnold Schoenberg is widely regarded as the father of atonality due to his pioneering work in the early 20th century, particularly with his atonal opera 'Wozzeck' and his development of the twelve-tone technique.

The twelve-tone technique, developed by Arnold Schoenberg, is a method of composing music using a row of twelve distinct pitches, which are then used to generate all the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic material in a composition.

In atonal harmony, dissonance is often used to create tension and instability, as it lacks the traditional tonal context that provides resolution and stability.

The use of traditional tonal centers is not a characteristic of atonal harmony, as it is defined by the absence of a tonal center.

Serialism is a technique used in atonal harmony, particularly in the twelve-tone technique, where a row of twelve distinct pitches is used to generate all the melodic, harmonic, and rhythmic material in a composition.

Igor Stravinsky, Claude Debussy, and Béla Bartók are all composers who have incorporated atonality into their music, contributing to the development of the style.

Atonality challenges traditional notions of harmony by eliminating the concept of a tonal center, introducing new and unconventional chord structures, and emphasizing dissonance over consonance.

In atonal harmony, melody is often used to create a sense of instability, as it lacks the traditional tonal context that provides stability and resolution.

Atonality allows for greater freedom and flexibility in form and structure, as it is not bound by traditional tonal relationships and progressions.

The use of traditional tonal harmony is not a common technique in atonal harmony, as it contradicts the fundamental principle of atonality, which is the absence of a tonal center.

Atonality blurs the distinction between consonance and dissonance by introducing new and unconventional chord structures and melodic intervals that challenge traditional notions of these concepts.

Atonality has influenced and been influenced by other musical styles, such as jazz, serialism, and minimalism, demonstrating its interconnectedness with the broader musical landscape.

Atonality demands a more active and engaged listening experience, as it challenges traditional listening habits and requires the listener to pay closer attention to the intricacies of the music.

Atonality has had a significant impact on the development of new musical styles and techniques, inspiring composers to explore new possibilities in harmony, melody, and form.