The idea that knowledge is self-contained and independent of experience.

The idea that knowledge is always open to revision in light of new evidence.

The idea that knowledge is always certain and unchanging.

The idea that knowledge is always subjective and personal.

The problem that pragmatism cannot account for the objectivity of truth.

The problem that pragmatism cannot account for the certainty of knowledge.

The problem that pragmatism cannot account for the universality of knowledge.

The problem that pragmatism cannot account for the necessity of knowledge.

Epistemic closure exacerbates the problem of pragmatism by making it more difficult to account for the objectivity of truth.

Epistemic closure mitigates the problem of pragmatism by providing a way to account for the objectivity of truth.

Epistemic closure is unrelated to the problem of pragmatism.

Epistemic closure is a necessary condition for the problem of pragmatism.

The argument from dreaming.

The argument from hallucination.

The argument from skepticism.

The argument from induction.

The argument from the lottery paradox.

The argument from the Gettier problem.

The argument from Moore's paradox.

The argument from the Euthyphro dilemma.

Transcendental idealism.

Skepticism.

Fallibilism.

Relativism.

René Descartes.

John Locke.

David Hume.

Immanuel Kant.

Charles Sanders Peirce.

William James.

John Dewey.

Richard Rorty.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is self-contained and independent of experience, while fallibilism holds that knowledge is always open to revision in light of new evidence.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is certain and unchanging, while fallibilism holds that knowledge is always uncertain and subject to change.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while fallibilism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori, while fallibilism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori.

Pragmatism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its practical consequences, while foundationalism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its logical or metaphysical foundations.

Pragmatism holds that truth is whatever works in practice, while foundationalism holds that truth is whatever corresponds to reality.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is self-contained and independent of experience, while skepticism holds that we can never know anything for sure.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is certain and unchanging, while skepticism holds that knowledge is always uncertain and subject to change.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while skepticism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori, while skepticism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori.

Pragmatism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its practical consequences, while relativism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its cultural or historical context.

Pragmatism holds that truth is whatever works in practice, while relativism holds that truth is whatever is believed by a particular culture or group of people.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while relativism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori, while relativism holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is self-contained and independent of experience, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is based on a foundation of self-evident or indubitable beliefs.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is certain and unchanging, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is always uncertain and subject to change.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Epistemic closure holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori, while foundationalism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori.

Pragmatism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its practical consequences, while coherentism holds that the meaning of a concept is determined by its relationship to other concepts in a system of beliefs.

Pragmatism holds that truth is whatever works in practice, while coherentism holds that truth is whatever is consistent with a system of beliefs.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is subjective and personal, while coherentism holds that knowledge is objective and universal.

Pragmatism holds that knowledge is contingent and a posteriori, while coherentism holds that knowledge is necessary and a priori.