Formative assessment is an ongoing process that involves gathering information about students' learning through observation and interaction, in order to provide feedback and adjust instruction accordingly.

Summative assessment is used to measure students' achievement at the end of a unit or course, and is typically used to assign grades or make decisions about promotion or placement.

Diagnostic assessment is used to identify students' strengths and weaknesses at the beginning of a unit or course, in order to plan instruction that meets their individual needs.

Performance assessment involves students demonstrating their skills and knowledge through hands-on activities or projects, and is often used to assess complex learning outcomes.

Self-assessment involves students reflecting on their own learning and setting goals for improvement, and is an important part of developing students' metacognitive skills.

Peer assessment involves students assessing each other's work, and can be a valuable tool for developing students' critical thinking and communication skills.

External assessment involves an external examiner assessing students' work, and is often used in high-stakes assessments such as standardized tests.

Performance tasks are most closely aligned with the principles of authentic assessment, as they require students to demonstrate their skills and knowledge in a real-world context.

Essays are most effective for assessing students' higher-order thinking skills, as they require students to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information.

Multiple-choice tests are most effective for assessing students' content knowledge, as they allow teachers to cover a wide range of content in a short amount of time.

Performance tasks are most effective for assessing students' problem-solving skills, as they require students to apply their knowledge and skills to solve real-world problems.

Essays are most effective for assessing students' communication skills, as they require students to express their thoughts and ideas in a clear and concise manner.

Performance tasks are most effective for assessing students' creativity, as they allow students to demonstrate their ability to think outside the box and come up with new and innovative solutions.

Group projects are most effective for assessing students' collaboration skills, as they require students to work together to achieve a common goal.

Self-reflection journals are most effective for assessing students' self-regulation skills, as they allow students to reflect on their own learning and set goals for improvement.