Mutation is the ultimate source of genetic variation, introducing new alleles into a population.

Transversion is not a type of mutation; it is a specific type of substitution where a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa.

Meiosis is the process by which genetic variation is passed from parents to offspring. During meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through a process called crossing over. This results in the production of gametes (eggs and sperm) that contain a unique combination of alleles.

Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations. This can occur through migration, mating, or the dispersal of seeds or pollen.

Natural selection is the process by which natural selection acts on genetic variation to produce adaptations. Natural selection favors individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment, allowing them to survive and reproduce more successfully.

Evolution is the gradual change in the genetic makeup of a population over time. Evolution occurs when natural selection favors certain alleles over others, leading to a change in the frequency of those alleles in the population.

Speciation is the process by which new species are formed. Speciation can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including geographic isolation, reproductive isolation, and natural selection.

Genetic diversity is the measure of genetic variation within a population. Genetic diversity can be measured using a variety of metrics, including heterozygosity, allelic richness, and effective population size.

Genetic differentiation is the measure of genetic variation between populations. Genetic differentiation can be measured using a variety of metrics, including F-statistics and Nei's genetic distance.

Genetic drift is the process by which genetic variation is lost from a population. Genetic drift can occur due to a variety of factors, including natural disasters, population bottlenecks, and founder effects.

Mutation is the process by which genetic variation is increased in a population. Mutation can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors.

Balancing selection is the process by which genetic variation is maintained in a population. Balancing selection can occur when there are multiple alleles at a locus that are favored by natural selection.

Genetic drift is the process by which genetic variation is reduced in a population. Genetic drift can occur due to a variety of factors, including natural disasters, population bottlenecks, and founder effects.

Mutation is the process by which genetic variation is increased in a population. Mutation can occur spontaneously or be induced by environmental factors.

Balancing selection is the process by which genetic variation is maintained in a population. Balancing selection can occur when there are multiple alleles at a locus that are favored by natural selection.