The Canon of Medicine, written by the Persian physician Avicenna, was the most influential medical text in medieval Europe.

Bloodletting, the practice of removing blood from the body, was believed to balance the humors and cure various diseases.

Medieval hospitals primarily served as charitable institutions, providing shelter and basic care to the poor and sick.

Trepanation, the practice of drilling a hole in the skull, was used to relieve pressure and treat head injuries.

Surgeons in medieval times primarily focused on performing surgeries, often without any formal medical training.

Foxglove was used to treat heart failure due to its ability to slow the heart rate and increase the force of contractions.

Urine analysis, known as uroscopy, was commonly used to diagnose illnesses by examining the color, clarity, and odor of urine.

Forceps were used to extract foreign objects from the body, such as arrows or splinters.

Quarantine was used to isolate individuals who were suspected of carrying a contagious disease.

Willow bark was used to treat arthritis due to its anti-inflammatory properties.

Bandages were commonly used to cover and protect wounds.

Mandrake root was used to relieve pain due to its sedative and analgesic properties.

Honey was commonly used to treat burns due to its antibacterial and wound-healing properties.

Rosemary was used to improve memory and cognitive function.

Splinting was commonly used to immobilize and support fractured bones.