Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are non-renewable energy sources because they are formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals and take millions of years to replenish.

Hydropower is the most widely used renewable energy source globally, accounting for about 54% of total renewable electricity generation.

Renewable energy sources offer several advantages, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy costs in the long run, and increased energy independence by reducing reliance on imported fossil fuels.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology uses semiconductor cells to convert sunlight directly into electricity without the need for heat or moving parts.

Wind power refers to the process of generating electricity from the kinetic energy of moving air using wind turbines.

Hydropower harnesses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity through hydroelectric dams or turbines.

The primary disadvantage of solar energy is its intermittency, as it relies on sunlight, which can vary depending on weather conditions and time of day.

Biomass technology involves burning organic materials, such as wood, agricultural waste, or animal manure, to produce electricity through a process called biomass combustion.

Geothermal energy refers to the process of generating electricity from the heat of the Earth's interior using geothermal power plants.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology involves capturing carbon dioxide from industrial processes or the atmosphere and storing it underground to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Renewable energy sources offer several benefits for electricity generation, including reduced air pollution, lower greenhouse gas emissions, and increased energy independence.

Hydroelectric turbines convert the kinetic energy of moving water into electricity through a process called hydropower.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) technology involves generating electricity from the temperature difference between the warm surface waters of the ocean and the cold deep waters.

Tidal energy technology harnesses the energy of tides to generate electricity through tidal turbines or barrages.

Renewable energy technologies face several challenges, including high installation costs, intermittency of renewable energy sources, and potential environmental impacts.