The learner-centered approach focuses on the individual needs and interests of students, aiming to develop their critical thinking skills and problem-solving abilities.

The subject-centered approach prioritizes the mastery of specific subject matter, aiming to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of a particular discipline.

Bruner's Spiral Curriculum model advocates for the integration of different subject areas and the revisiting of concepts at increasing levels of complexity, promoting the development of interdisciplinary skills.

Tyler's curriculum design model emphasizes the importance of clearly defining learning objectives and aligning curriculum components to achieve those objectives.

Wiggins and McTighe's Understanding by Design model emphasizes the importance of authentic assessment and the use of performance tasks to evaluate students' understanding and application of knowledge.

Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction model provides a systematic approach to structuring instruction, focusing on specific events that facilitate effective learning and promote the acquisition of knowledge and skills.

The technology-based approach utilizes technology as a central tool to enhance student learning and engagement, providing access to information, facilitating collaboration, and personalizing learning experiences.

The activity-based approach emphasizes hands-on learning experiences, allowing students to actively engage with the material and develop a deeper understanding through practical application.

Wiggins and McTighe's Understanding by Design model employs backward design, where the curriculum is designed starting with the desired results and working backward to determine the appropriate content, learning activities, and assessment methods.

The subject-centered approach prioritizes the mastery of specific subject matter, aiming to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of a particular discipline.

Wiggins and McTighe's Understanding by Design model emphasizes the importance of authentic assessment and the use of performance tasks to evaluate students' understanding and application of knowledge.

Gagné's Nine Events of Instruction model provides a systematic approach to structuring instruction, focusing on specific events that facilitate effective learning and promote the acquisition of knowledge and skills.

The technology-based approach utilizes technology as a central tool to enhance student learning and engagement, providing access to information, facilitating collaboration, and personalizing learning experiences.

The activity-based approach emphasizes hands-on learning experiences, allowing students to actively engage with the material and develop a deeper understanding through practical application.

Wiggins and McTighe's Understanding by Design model employs backward design, where the curriculum is designed starting with the desired results and working backward to determine the appropriate content, learning activities, and assessment methods.