Genetic engineering involves altering the genetic material of an organism to introduce new traits or modify existing ones.

Transformation is a process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a host organism, typically through the use of a vector such as a plasmid or virus.

Transgenesis involves the transfer of a gene from one organism to another, resulting in the recipient organism expressing the transferred gene.

Restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA at specific sequences, generating fragments that can be manipulated in genetic engineering techniques.

DNA ligation is the process of joining DNA fragments together using an enzyme called DNA ligase, creating a continuous DNA molecule.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used to amplify specific DNA sequences by repeatedly copying the target region.

Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size, allowing for the analysis of DNA samples.

Gene replacement therapy involves replacing a defective gene with a functional copy to restore normal gene function.

Transduction is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using a viral vector, allowing for the delivery of therapeutic genes.

CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene editing technology that allows for the precise modification of DNA sequences, enabling targeted changes to the genome.

Transfection is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using a non-viral vector, such as a plasmid or liposome.

Gene augmentation therapy involves introducing a new gene into cells to compensate for a defective gene, providing additional copies of the functional gene.

Gene silencing involves inactivating a defective gene to prevent its expression, thereby reducing the production of harmful proteins.

Gene editing involves modifying the expression of a gene without altering its sequence, allowing for precise changes to gene regulation.

Transformation is the process of introducing genetic material into cells using a physical method, such as electroporation or microinjection, bypassing the need for a vector.