The ancient Egyptians were skilled surgeons who used a variety of techniques, including anesthesia and suturing, to perform complex surgeries.

Metal, particularly bronze and iron, was the primary material used for surgical instruments in ancient times due to its strength and durability.

The scalpel, a sharp-edged knife, was the primary instrument used for cutting and dissecting tissue in ancient surgery.

Cauterization, the process of burning tissue with a hot instrument, was used to sterilize wounds and stop bleeding.

Amputation, the removal of a limb or body part, was performed in ancient times to treat severe injuries or diseases.

Opium, a natural painkiller, was commonly used to relieve pain during ancient surgeries.

Lithotomy, the surgical removal of a kidney stone, was performed in ancient times using specialized instruments.

Animal tendons, such as catgut, were commonly used as sutures in ancient surgery due to their strength and biodegradability.

Trepanation, the drilling of a hole in the skull, was performed in ancient times to relieve pressure caused by head injuries or certain medical conditions.

Boiling was the primary method used for sterilizing surgical instruments in ancient times due to its effectiveness in killing bacteria.

Cataract surgery, the removal of cataracts from the eye, was performed in ancient times using specialized instruments and techniques.

Linen, a natural fiber, was commonly used for surgical dressings in ancient times due to its absorbency and breathability.

A tourniquet, a device used to constrict blood flow, was commonly used in ancient amputation surgeries to control bleeding.

Alcohol, particularly wine, was commonly used as an anesthetic in ancient surgery to induce a state of unconsciousness.

A probe, a long, thin instrument, was used in ancient lithotomy surgeries to explore wounds and cavities in the urinary tract.