The nucleus is the control center of the cell, containing the cell's DNA and directing its activities.

Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up the chromosomes.

The nuclear envelope is a double membrane that surrounds the nucleus.

The nucleolus is a small, dense structure within the nucleus that is responsible for synthesizing ribosomes.

The centromere is the region of the chromosome where sister chromatids are attached.

The kinetochore is a protein complex located at the centromere that is responsible for attaching spindle fibers during cell division.

Telomeres are repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of chromosomes that protect them from degradation.

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes a copy of its DNA before cell division.

Anaphase is the stage of cell division during which sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell.

Meiosis is the process by which gametes are formed, involving two rounds of cell division and resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Aneuploidy is a condition in which an organism has an abnormal number of chromosomes.

DNA is the genetic material that is passed from parents to offspring, containing the instructions for an organism's development and characteristics.

Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, creating a messenger molecule that carries the genetic information to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Translation is the process by which RNA is used to synthesize proteins, involving the decoding of the genetic code and the assembly of amino acids into a polypeptide chain.

Spindle fibers are microtubule structures that organize and segregate chromosomes during cell division.