Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who developed the heliocentric theory of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center of the universe and the Earth as one of the planets orbiting it.

Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer who used a telescope to observe the moons of Jupiter and the phases of Venus. His observations provided strong evidence in favor of the heliocentric theory of the solar system.

Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer who developed the laws of planetary motion. His laws described the elliptical orbits of the planets and their speeds as they moved around the Sun.

Tycho Brahe was a Danish astronomer who collected accurate data on the positions of the stars and planets. His data was used by Johannes Kepler to develop the laws of planetary motion.

The experimental method is a scientific method that involves making observations, forming hypotheses, and testing those hypotheses through experimentation. It was developed during the Scientific Revolution and is still used today.

Novum Organum is a book that Francis Bacon wrote about the scientific method. In this book, Bacon argued that the best way to learn about the natural world is through observation and experimentation.

The Royal Society is a scientific society that was founded in London in 1660. It is one of the oldest scientific societies in the world and has played a major role in the development of modern science.

The Scientific Revolution was a scientific revolution that took place in Europe in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was a period of great intellectual and scientific progress that led to the development of new theories and ideas about the natural world.

Rationalism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of reason and logic. Rationalists believe that the best way to learn about the natural world is through reason and deduction.

Empiricism is a philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of experience and observation. Empiricists believe that the best way to learn about the natural world is through experience and induction.

John Locke was a philosopher who argued that all knowledge comes from experience. He believed that the mind is a blank slate at birth and that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

René Descartes was a philosopher who argued that the existence of God can be proven through reason. He believed that the existence of God is a necessary truth that can be known with certainty.

George Berkeley was a philosopher who argued that the material world is the only reality. He believed that the mind is the only substance and that the material world is simply a collection of ideas that exist in the mind.

David Hume was a philosopher who argued that the existence of God cannot be proven through reason. He believed that all knowledge is based on experience and that there is no way to prove the existence of something that cannot be experienced.