Coagulation is a process in which chemicals are added to water to cause suspended solids to clump together, forming larger particles that can be more easily removed in subsequent treatment steps.

Alum, also known as aluminum sulfate, is a widely used coagulant in water treatment. It reacts with the negatively charged particles in water to form positively charged flocs, which then attract and bind to suspended solids.

Flocculation is a process in which gentle mixing is applied to water after coagulation. This allows the small flocs formed during coagulation to collide and combine, forming larger, stronger flocs that are more easily removed in subsequent treatment steps.

Polyacrylamide is a synthetic polymer commonly used as a flocculant in water treatment. It acts by bridging the gaps between flocs, increasing their size and strength, and promoting their sedimentation.

Sedimentation is a process in which water is allowed to settle in a basin or tank, allowing suspended solids to settle to the bottom due to gravity. This process removes the majority of solids from the water before it moves on to subsequent treatment steps.

Clarifiers are commonly used sedimentation tanks in water treatment. They consist of a large basin where water is introduced and allowed to settle. The solids settle to the bottom, while the clarified water is drawn off from the top.

Filtration is a process in which water is passed through a porous medium, such as sand or activated carbon, to remove suspended solids. This process removes any remaining solids that were not removed during sedimentation.

Rapid sand filters are commonly used in water treatment. They consist of a bed of sand through which water is passed at a high rate. The sand traps suspended solids, while the filtered water is collected at the bottom of the filter.

Disinfection is a process in which chemicals are added to water to kill bacteria and viruses. This process is essential to ensure the safety of drinking water and prevent waterborne diseases.

Sodium hypochlorite, also known as bleach, is a widely used disinfectant in water treatment. It is effective in killing a wide range of bacteria and viruses and is relatively inexpensive and easy to use.

pH adjustment is often performed in water treatment to optimize the efficiency of other treatment processes. For example, coagulation and flocculation are most effective at a neutral pH, so pH adjustment may be necessary to achieve the desired pH range.

Adding sodium hydroxide is a common method for pH adjustment in water treatment. Sodium hydroxide is a strong base that can be used to increase the pH of water.

Activated carbon adsorption is a process in which water is passed through a bed of activated carbon. Activated carbon is a highly porous material that has a large surface area, which allows it to adsorb a wide range of dissolved organic matter, including pesticides, herbicides, and other contaminants.

Granular activated carbon filters are commonly used in water treatment. They consist of a bed of granular activated carbon through which water is passed. The activated carbon adsorbs dissolved organic matter, while the filtered water is collected at the bottom of the filter.

Reverse osmosis is a process in which water is forced through a semipermeable membrane, which allows water molecules to pass through but blocks larger molecules, such as salts and minerals. This process is used to desalinate water, which is the removal of salt from water.